{"id":9302,"date":"2017-09-15T17:04:00","date_gmt":"2017-09-15T09:04:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/?p=7351"},"modified":"2022-07-12T13:22:56","modified_gmt":"2022-07-12T05:22:56","slug":"%e4%b8%96%e7%95%8c%e5%8d%ab%e7%94%9f%e7%bb%84%e7%bb%87%e5%81%a5%e5%ba%b7%e5%ae%9a%e4%b9%89%e7%9a%84%e5%8e%86%e5%8f%b2%e6%ba%90%e6%b5%81%e6%8e%a2%e7%a9%b6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/?p=9302","title":{"rendered":"\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6e90\u6d41\u63a2\u7a76"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u82cf\u9759\u9759 \u5f20\u5927\u5e86  \u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u533b\u5b66\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3;   \u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u6280\u53f2\u6742\u5fd7 2016,04(37),485-496 <\/p>\n

\u6458 \u8981\uff1a1948\u5e74, \u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u63d0\u51fa\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49, \u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\u5f15\u7528\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u6700\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e49\u867d\u660e\u786e\u662f\u7531\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9881\u5e03, \u4f46\u5177\u4f53\u662f\u7531\u8c01\u63d0\u51fa\u7684, \u5728\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u5c1a\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b67\u89c1, \u4e14\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd, \u7531\u4e8e\u7ffb\u8bd1\u548c\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u4e0d\u51c6\u786e\u548c\u4e0d\u89c4\u8303\u7b49, \u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5e74\u4efd\u548c\u673a\u6784, \u4ee5\u53ca\u662f\u5426\u6709\u8fc7\u4fee\u6539\u90fd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4e00\u3001\u591a\u6709\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u672c\u6587\u8bd5\u56fe\u5229\u7528\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u6863\u6848\u3001\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u548c\u53e3\u8ff0\u8d44\u6599, \u8fd8\u539f\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u5065\u5eb7\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bed\u5883\u548c\u8fc7\u7a0b, \u5398\u6e05\u6709\u5173\u53f2\u5b9e, \u63a2\u8ba8\u76f8\u5173\u4e89\u8bae\u3001\u6d41\u53d8\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7; \u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49; \u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66; \u56fd\u9645\u536b\u751f; \u5b89\u5fb7\u91cc\u4e9a\u00b7\u53f8\u4e39\u5df4; <\/p>\n

\u5065\u5eb7, \u6216\u8005\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5065\u5eb7\u90fd\u662f\u5f71\u54cd\u4eba\u7c7b\u6587\u660e\u51e0\u5343\u5e74\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u8bae\u9898\u3002\u5065\u5eb7\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48?\u52d2\u5185\u00b7\u675c\u535a\u65af (Rene Dubos) \u66fe\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u65e0\u6cd5\u51c6\u786e\u5b9a\u4e49\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u56f0\u5883, \u4ed6\u5c06\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u6bd4\u55bb\u4e3a\u4e00\u5ea7\u6d77\u5e02\u8703\u697c:\u4ece\u8fdc\u5904\u770b, \u5065\u5eb7\u662f\u518d\u6e05\u695a\u4e0d\u8fc7\u7684\u6982\u5ff5, \u4f46\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8d70\u8fd1\u5b83, \u8bd5\u56fe\u5b9a\u4e49\u5b83\u65f6, \u5374\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u662f\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u3001\u6478\u4e0d\u7740\u7684[1]<\/a>\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u3001\u79d1\u666e\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u6559\u80b2, \u4e43\u81f3\u517b\u751f\u6742\u8c08\u7684\u62a5\u7ae0\u6742\u5fd7\u4e0a, \u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec71948\u5e74\u5728\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u5065\u5eb7\u201d (health) \u5b9a\u4e49\u5f15\u7528\u6700\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb, \u5f71\u54cd\u582a\u79f0\u6700\u5927\u3002\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u662f:\u5065\u5eb7\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e3a\u75be\u75c5\u6216\u7fb8\u5f31\u4e4b\u6d88\u9664, \u800c\u7cfb\u4f53\u683c\u3001\u7cbe\u795e, \u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u5b8c\u5168\u72b6\u6001 (Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity) \u3002 <\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e49\u867d\u662f\u7531\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9881\u5e03, \u4f46\u5177\u4f53\u662f\u7531\u8c01\u63d0\u51fa\u7684, \u5728\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u5c1a\u5b58\u5728\u4e89\u8bba, \u4e14\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u4e9a\u8d6b (Derek Yach) \u66fe\u5728\u67d0\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\u4e0a\u8c08\u53ca\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u89c2\u548c\u75be\u75c5\u89c2, \u6307\u51fa\u5b89\u5fb7\u91cc\u8036\u00b7\u53f8\u4e39\u5df4 (Andrija Stampar) \u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528, \u4f46\u5bf9\u5177\u4f53\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u6325\u5e76\u65e0\u8be6\u8ff0\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd, \u7531\u4e8e\u7ffb\u8bd1\u548c\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u4e0d\u51c6\u786e\u548c\u4e0d\u89c4\u8303\u7b49, \u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5e74\u4efd\u548c\u673a\u6784, \u4ee5\u53ca\u662f\u5426\u6709\u8fc7\u4fee\u6539\u90fd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4e00\u3001\u591a\u6709\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u9648\u7426\u66fe\u64b0\u6587\u8bba\u8ff0\u65bd\u601d\u660e\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u8d21\u732e, \u8ba4\u4e3a\u65bd\u6c0f\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\u826f\u591a\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u66fe\u64b0\u6587\u8bb0\u53d9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u53ca\u65e9\u671f\u5408\u4f5c, \u5bf9\u4e8e\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u867d\u6709\u63d0\u53ca, \u4f46\u56ff\u4e8e\u7bc7\u5e45, \u5e76\u672a\u8be6\u8ff0\u3002\u672c\u6587\u8bd5\u56fe\u5229\u7528\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u6863\u6848\u3001\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u548c\u53e3\u8ff0\u8d44\u6599, \u8fd8\u539f\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5065\u5eb7\u6982\u5ff5\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bed\u5883\u548c\u8fc7\u7a0b, \u5398\u6e05\u6709\u5173\u5b9e, \u63a2\u8ba8\u76f8\u5173\u4e89\u8bae\u3001\u6d41\u53d8\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u3002 <\/p>\n

1 \u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bed\u5883<\/p>\n

\u65e9\u5728\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7f57\u9a6c\u65f6\u671f, \u5e0c\u6ce2\u514b\u62c9\u5e95\u3001\u76d6\u4f26\u53ca\u5176\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u5065\u5eb7\u662f\u8840\u6db2\u3001\u7c98\u6db2\u3001\u9ed1\u80c6\u6c41\u548c\u9ec4\u80c6\u6c41\u56db\u4f53\u6db2\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u72b6\u6001, \u4f53\u6db2\u5931\u8861\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u75be\u75c5\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u79cd\u6574\u4f53\u8bba\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u89c2, \u5065\u5eb7\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u953b\u70bc\u3001\u73af\u5883\u548c\u996e\u98df\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u7b49\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u4e4b\u540e, \u968f\u7740\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55, \u897f\u65b9\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u5f00\u59cb\u53d7\u5230\u4eba\u4f53\u673a\u68b0\u8bba\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd, \u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u8eaf\u4f53\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3002\u533b\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u5f88\u591a\u75be\u75c5\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u6709\u6548\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64, \u6ca1\u6709\u75be\u75c5, \u5373\u6ca1\u6709\u8eaf\u4f53\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u75c7\u72b6, \u6210\u4e3a\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5e38\u8bc6\u6027\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u4f46\u8bda\u5982\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u7f57\u68ee\u4f2f\u683c (Charles Rosenberg) \u6240\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u7684:\u201c\u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bb2, \u5728\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u77e5\u3001\u547d\u540d\u548c\u5e94\u5bf9\u75be\u75c5, \u4ee5\u627f\u8ba4\u5b83\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u524d, \u75be\u75c5\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u201d\u75be\u75c5\u5b9e\u4f53\u56e0\u5176\u6587\u5316\u60c5\u5883\u6027\u800c\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027, \u5e76\u975e\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u5728\u5f88\u957f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\u5185, \u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e00\u76f4\u505c\u7559\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u6734\u7d20\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0a, \u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5065\u5eb7\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48, \u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6b63\u9762\u7ed9\u4e88\u660e\u786e\u4e14\u5e7f\u4e3a\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u76f4\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa, \u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\u624d\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u8003\u91cf\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64, \u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u9996\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u5728\u4e8e\u4e0d\u518d\u5c06\u5065\u5eb7\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u53cd\u4e49\u8bcd\u3002\u8bda\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u77e5, \u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u9645\u536b\u751f\u673a\u6784, \u4f46\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\u4ece\u672a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u9645\u536b\u751f\u673a\u6784\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u5176\u6b21, \u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u89c2\u7684\u6982\u5ff5, \u5f3a\u8c03\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7ef4\u5ea6, \u6bd4\u5982\u8eaf\u4f53\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u3001\u667a\u529b, \u4ee5\u53ca\u603b\u4f53\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u63d0\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u867d\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u5176\u5076\u7136\u6027, \u4f46\u82e5\u662f\u8003\u8651\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f, \u53c8\u6709\u5176\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3002 <\/p>\n

1.1 \u533b\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55<\/p>\n

18\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u4ee5\u6765, \u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u548c\u533b\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55, \u9010\u6e10\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u901a\u8fc7\u533b\u5b66\u6cbb\u7597\u3001\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u8fd0\u52a8\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5373\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ef6\u957f\u5bff\u547d\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4e8c\u6218\u4ee5\u540e, \u6297\u751f\u7d20\u3001\u75ab\u82d7\u3001DDT\u7b49\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u63a8\u5e7f\u5f7b\u5e95\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u8fc7\u53bb\u4f20\u67d3\u75c5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u8fdb\u8def, \u751a\u81f3\u533b\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u5bf9\u533b\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7684\u4e50\u89c2, \u8ba4\u4e3a\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u548c\u75be\u75c5\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u77ed\u671f\u5185\u9010\u4e2a\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u51b3, \u8457\u540d\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u8428\u65af (Thomas Szasz) \u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u79f0\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u201c\u9519\u628a\u533b\u5b66\u5f53\u4f5c\u4e86\u9b54\u672f\u201d[11]<\/a>\u3002 <\/p>\n

1.2 \u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u5174\u8d77<\/p>\n

\u53d720\u4e16\u7eaa20\u5e74\u4ee3\u82cf\u8054\u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u536b\u751f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u542f\u53d1, \u4ee5\u53ca20\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5927\u8870\u9000\u7684\u5f71\u54cd, \u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u4ee5\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d6\u5f97\u53d1\u5c55, \u6311\u6218\u4e86\u9010\u6e10\u4e3b\u5bfc\u73b0\u4ee3\u533b\u5b66\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u751f\u7269\u533b\u5b66\u8303\u5f0f\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66, \u4e0d\u4ec5\u5173\u6ce8\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5065\u5eb7, \u66f4\u5173\u5fc3\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u5065\u5eb7;\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80af\u5b9a\u533b\u751f\u548c\u62a4\u58eb\u4e4b\u4e8e\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u610f\u4e49, \u66f4\u5f3a\u8c03\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ee5\u53ca\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u9886\u57df\u5404\u5b66\u79d1\u4e4b\u4e8e\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u534a\u53f6, \u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u53d1\u5c55\u4e4b\u5916, \u6b27\u7f8e\u76f8\u5f53\u4e00\u6279\u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u6539\u9769\u8005, \u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u6279\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u5bb6\u3001\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bb6\u548c\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5206\u5b50, \u6df1\u4fe1\u501f\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u6325\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u529f\u80fd, \u6539\u5584\u793e\u4f1a\u5883\u9047\u3002\u5728\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u95f4, \u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u83b7\u5f97\u5b66\u672f\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u652f\u6301, \u56fd\u9645\u8054\u76df\u4e00\u5ea6\u628a\u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u9879\u4f18\u5148\u4e8b\u9879, \u57fa\u4e8e\u5065\u5eb7\u4e0e\u75be\u75c5\u793e\u4f1a\u51b3\u5b9a\u56e0\u7d20\u5206\u6790\u7684\u536b\u751f\u653f\u7b56\u7ecf\u7531\u56fd\u9645\u536b\u751f\u673a\u6784 (\u56fd\u9645\u8054\u76df\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7b49) \u5728\u6b27\u7f8e\u548c\u4e9a\u6d32\u7b49\u5730\u5f97\u4ee5\u63a8\u5e7f\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd, \u7531\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u5f71\u54cd, \u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u57281931\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u4eba\u7c7b\u5173\u7cfb\u7814\u7a76\u6240 (Institute for Human Relations) , \u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u533b\u5b66\u6574\u5408\u5230\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u56fd, \u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u57281942\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240, \u5e76\u5728\u6218\u540e\u4e00\u5ea6\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u533b\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b63\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u50ac\u751f\u4e86\u5168\u6c11\u514d\u8d39\u7684\u516c\u5171\u533b\u7597\u653f\u7b56\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u9996\u4f4d\u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u8d56\u5c14 (John Ryle) \u63d0\u51fa\u5065\u5eb7\u662f\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u8425\u517b\u3001\u804c\u4e1a\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u673a\u4f1a\u6216\u7ecf\u5386\u201d (Health was the whole economic, nutritional, occupational, educational and psychological opportunity or experience of the individual or community) [13]<\/a>\u3002\u53d7\u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u5f71\u54cd\u9887\u6df1\u7684\u8457\u540d\u533b\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u897f\u683c\u91cc\u65af\u7279 (Henry Sigerist) \u66fe\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u53d1\u8868\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u770b\u6cd5:\u201c\u5065\u5eb7\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u75be\u75c5, \u800c\u4e14\u662f\u5bf9\u751f\u6d3b\u5177\u6709\u6b63\u9762\u3001\u5feb\u4e50\u7684\u6001\u5ea6, \u5e76\u4e14\u6b23\u7136\u63a5\u53d7\u751f\u6d3b\u6240\u8d4b\u4e88\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u5904\u4e8e\u5e73\u8861, \u5bf9\u8eaf\u4f53\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027, \u624d\u53ef\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u5065\u5eb7\u4eba\u3002\u201d\u4ee5\u5b89\u5fb7\u91cc\u8036\u00b7\u53f8\u4e39\u5df4\u3001\u52d2\u5185\u00b7\u6851\u5fb7 (Rene Sand) \u3001\u5e03\u6d1b\u514b\u00b7\u5947\u6cfd\u59c6 (George Brock Chisholm) \u7b49\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u5b66\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u5021\u5bfc\u8005, \u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6b63\u662f\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u63d0\u51fa\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u9aa8\u5e72\u3002 <\/p>\n

1.3 \u56fd\u9645\u536b\u751f<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u6218\u524d\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u867d\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u82e5\u5e72\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u6027\u548c\u8986\u76d6\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u536b\u751f\u673a\u6784, \u5305\u62ec\u56fd\u9645\u8054\u76df\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7 (League of Nations Health Organization) \u3001\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u5c40 (Office International d’Hygiene Publique) \u3001\u534e\u76db\u987f\u7684\u6cdb\u7f8e\u536b\u751f\u7f72 (Pan American Health Buereau) \u3001\u57c3\u53ca\u68c0\u75ab\u4f1a (Egyptian Quarantine Board) \u3001\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u5584\u540e\u6551\u6d4e\u603b\u7f72 (United Nations Relief and Rehabitation Administration) \u7b49, \u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u9645\u536b\u751f\u673a\u6784\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u6216\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u201c\u5148\u5929\u4e0d\u8db3\u201d\u548c\u201c\u540e\u5929\u4e0d\u52aa\u529b\u201d, \u5df2\u4e3a\u4eba\u8bdf\u75c5, \u65e0\u6cd5\u6ee1\u8db3\u5f53\u65f6\u56fd\u9645\u536b\u751f\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002\u4e8c\u6218\u671f\u95f4, \u5df2\u6709\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53d7\u5230\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\u548c\u7834\u574f, \u6709\u7684\u5df2\u5f62\u540c\u865a\u8bbe, \u5982\u56fd\u9645\u8054\u76df\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u5c40[7]<\/a>\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u7ecf\u5386\u8fc7\u4e8c\u6218\u7684\u6d17\u793c, \u56fd\u9645\u536b\u751f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5f97\u5230\u91cd\u65b0\u5ba1\u89c6:\u5065\u5eb7\u4e0e\u548c\u5e73\u662f\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u7684, \u5065\u5eb7\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u798f\u5229\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173, \u800c\u798f\u5229\u4e0e\u672a\u6765\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u6709\u7740\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u751f\u7269\u6218\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u6218\u3001\u6838\u6218\u4e89\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u6700\u6050\u6016\u7684\u5a01\u80c1, \u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u603b\u5e72\u4e8b\u7684\u5947\u6cfd\u59c6\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7b79\u5907\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u5bf9\u6b64\u6307\u51fa:\u201c\u5404\u56fd\u533b\u751f\u82e5\u4e0d\u81ea\u89c9\u5176\u8d23\u4efb\u4e4b\u91cd\u5927, \u800c\u7acb\u5373\u884c\u52a8, \u5219\u4eba\u7c7b\u6709\u5168\u90e8\u706d\u4ea1\u7684\u5371\u673a\u3002\u201d ([, 13\u9875) <\/p>\n

\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bed\u5883\u4e4b\u4e0b, \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8986\u76d6\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u2014\u2014\u2014\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u63d0\u51fa\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u548c\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8981\u8ffd\u6eaf\u52301946\u5e74\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6280\u672f\u7b79\u5907\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u3002 <\/p>\n

2 \u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/p>\n

1945\u5e744\u670825\u65e5\u20146\u670826\u65e5, \u65bd\u601d\u660e\u4ee5\u5b8b\u5b50\u6587\u79c1\u4eba\u79d8\u4e66\u7684\u201c\u7f16\u5916\u201d\u8eab\u4efd\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u5728\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u53ec\u5f00\u7684\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5927\u4f1a\u3002\u65bd\u601d\u660e\u548c\u5df4\u897f\u4ee3\u8868\u82cf\u624e\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4f1a\u4e0a\u4e00\u81f4\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u300a\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u521d\u7a3f\u53ea\u5b57\u672a\u63d0\u201c\u536b\u751f\u5de5\u4f5c\u201d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9, \u5728\u6709\u5173\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u4e5f\u672a\u63d0\u5230\u5efa\u7acb\u56fd\u9645\u536b\u751f\u673a\u6784, \u4e8e\u662f\u5171\u540c\u8d77\u8349\u4e86\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u9645\u6027\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b, \u5e76\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u5df4\u897f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u521b\u59cb\u56fd\u5171\u540c\u53d1\u51fa\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5ba3\u8a00\u5f88\u5feb\u5f97\u5230\u5927\u4f1a\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef, \u5728\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u5185\u53ec\u5f00\u4e00\u6b21\u5927\u4f1a, \u9080\u8bf7\u5404\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6d3e\u51fa\u4ee3\u8868\u53c2\u52a0, \u4ee5\u8ba8\u8bba\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u6027\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7, \u5373\u540e\u6765\u7684\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d, \u5e76\u5728\u300a\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u4e2d\u5217\u5165\u4e86\u536b\u751f\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002 <\/p>\n

1946\u5e742\u6708, \u8054\u5408\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a (United Nations Economic and Social Council) \u6566\u4fc3\u6210\u7acb\u4e13\u5bb6\u6280\u672f\u7b79\u5907\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a (Technical Preparatory Committee of Experts) , \u65e8\u5728\u4e3a1946\u5e747\u670819\u201422\u65e5\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u53ec\u5f00\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u536b\u751f\u5927\u4f1a\u505a\u7b79\u5907\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u653f\u7b56\u7eb2\u9886\u3001\u4e0e\u5176\u5b83\u5df2\u6709\u56fd\u9645\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7b49\u95ee\u9898, \u90fd\u6709\u5f85\u5728\u6b64\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u63d0\u51fa\u8349\u6848\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u57281946\u5e743\u670818\u65e5\u20144\u67085\u65e5, \u6280\u672f\u7b79\u5907\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u5965\u8d5b\u9152\u5e97\u53ec\u5f00\u4e8622\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002\u6280\u672f\u7b79\u5907\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u753116\u4f4d\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u536b\u751f\u4e13\u5bb6\u7ec4\u6210 (\u89c1\u88681) , \u4ed6\u4eec\u540e\u6765\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7f14\u9020\u8005\u3002\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u4ee3\u8868\u91d1\u5b9d\u5584\u88ab\u6307\u5b9a\u8fdb\u5165\u8be5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a, \u65bd\u601d\u660e\u4e3a\u5176\u5019\u8865, \u4f46\u91d1\u5b9d\u5584\u56e0\u56fd\u5185\u4e8b\u52a1\u65e0\u6cd5\u51fa\u5e2d, \u7531\u65bd\u601d\u660e\u5168\u6743\u4ee3\u8868 ([15], 2\u20143\u9875) \u3002\u867d\u7136\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u8bb2, \u536b\u751f\u4e13\u5bb6\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u80fd\u529b\u7a81\u51fa\u800c\u5165\u9009\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a, \u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ee3\u8868, \u7406\u5e94\u4ec5\u8868\u8fbe\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u70b9, \u800c\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5229\u76ca, \u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5728\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u6709\u5206\u6b67\u7684, \u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5370\u8ff9\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u62b9\u53bb\u7684, \u6bd5\u7adf\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u540d\u989d\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e3b\u8981\u5927\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6b64\u5916, \u6cdb\u7f8e\u536b\u751f\u5c40\u3001\u56fd\u8054\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6551\u6d4e\u7f72\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u7b49\u56fd\u9645\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u6216\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\u4e3a\u89c2\u5bdf\u5458\u51fa\u5e2d\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u4e0b\u8f7d\u539f\u8868<\/a> <\/p>\n

\u88681 \u6280\u672f\u7b79\u5907\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u5217\u8868 <\/p>\n

\"\u88681 <\/p>\n

\u88681 \u6280\u672f\u7b79\u5907\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u5217\u8868 <\/p>\n

\u5728\u4f1a\u8bae\u5f00\u59cb\u4e4b\u524d, \u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u7684\u5b89\u5fb7\u91cc\u8036\u00b7\u53f8\u4e39\u5df4\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u5e15\u4f26\u548c\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u6d77\u5fb7 (Henry Van Zile Hyde) \u56e2\u961f\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u5b89\u5fb7\u70c8\u00b7\u5361\u74e6\u6c34\u56e2\u961f\u4ee5\u53ca\u82f1\u56fd\u5a01\u5c14\u68ee\u00b7\u8a79\u59c6\u68ee\u56e2\u961f\u5404\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u8bae\u6848\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u632a\u5a01\u7684\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u57c3\u65fa\u63d0\u8bae, \u7531\u5206\u59d4\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bae\u6848\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83, \u7136\u540e\u518d\u9488\u5bf9\u76f8\u540c\u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba8\u8bba;\u683c\u96f7\u6208\u91cc\u5965\u00b7\u8d1d\u5c14\u66fc\u63d0\u8bae\u6210\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u62ec4\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u5e03\u7f57\u514b\u00b7\u5947\u6cfd\u59c6\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5206\u59d4\u4f1a, \u5361\u74e6\u6c34\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e5f\u8868\u793a\u652f\u6301, \u5e76\u63d0\u8bae\u8be5\u5206\u59d4\u4f1a\u5e94\u4e0e\u79d8\u4e66\u957f\u5171\u540c\u5408\u4f5c;\u4f46\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u52d2\u5185\u00b7\u6851\u5fb7\u63d0\u51fa, \u63d0\u6848\u7684\u6bd4\u5bf9\u5de5\u4f5c\u5e94\u5f53\u7531\u79d8\u4e66\u5904\u5b8c\u6210, \u800c\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u7531\u63d0\u6848\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u6700\u7ec8\u51b3\u5b9a\u6210\u7acb\u4e24\u4e2a\u5206\u59d4\u4f1a, \u4e00\u4e2a\u8d1f\u8d23\u8d77\u8349\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u5e8f\u8a00\u548c\u62df\u5b9a\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\u7684\u540d\u5b57, \u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d1f\u8d23\u8d77\u8349\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u59d4\u5458\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u613f\u9009\u62e9\u52a0\u5165\u7684\u5206\u59d4\u4f1a, \u7136\u540e\u5728\u5168\u4f53\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u62a5\u544a\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u540e\u7eed\u95ee\u9898\u4e5f\u662f\u91c7\u53d6\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f, \u8bf8\u5982\u6267\u884c\u673a\u6784\u3001\u6cbb\u7406\u673a\u6784\u3001\u51b3\u8bae\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u536b\u751f\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u65e5\u7a0b\u5b89\u6392\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7b49, \u6280\u672f\u7b79\u5907\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5148\u540e\u6210\u7acb\u4e868\u4e2a\u5206\u59d4\u4f1a\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u8d1d\u5c14\u66fc\u3001\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u94b1\u5947\u514b\u3001\u5947\u6cfd\u59c6\u548c\u65bd\u601d\u660e\u9009\u62e9\u52a0\u5165\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u5e8f\u8a00\u8d77\u8349\u5206\u59d4\u4f1a\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u5728\u8349\u6848\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\u73af\u8282, \u65bd\u601d\u660e\u6307\u51fa, \u56db\u4efd\u63d0\u6848\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u5185\u5bb9\u76f8\u4f3c, \u4f46\u4f53\u4f8b\u548c\u6587\u4f53\u8fe5\u7136\u3002\u5728\u683c\u5f0f\u4e0a, \u5e15\u4f26\u7684\u7248\u672c\u4e2d\u5e8f\u8a00\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u804c\u80fd\u5206\u522b\u5355\u72ec\u5217\u51fa, \u4e00\u76ee\u4e86\u7136;\u53f8\u4e39\u5df4\u7684\u7248\u672c\u5219\u6ca1\u6709\u5982\u6b64\u660e\u786e\u7684\u5212\u5206;\u5361\u74e6\u6c34\u7684\u7248\u672c\u4e2d\u6709\u5173\u76ee\u7684\u548c\u804c\u80fd\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u662f\u878d\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u3002\u5728\u98ce\u683c\u4e0a, \u53f8\u4e39\u5df4\u548c\u5361\u74e6\u6c34\u7684\u7248\u672c\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6761\u76ee\u5f0f;\u5e15\u4f26\u7684\u8bed\u4f53\u5219\u662f\u66f4\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u6d41\u7ebf\u4f53[15]<\/a>\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u5728\u5e8f\u8a00\u90e8\u5206, \u57c3\u65fa\u5bf9\u53f8\u4e39\u5df4\u548c\u5361\u74e6\u6c34\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\u5747\u8868\u793a\u652f\u6301\u3002\u53f8\u4e39\u5df4\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5206\u59d4\u4f1a\u63d0\u4ea4\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u5e94\u5f53\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u201c\u5065\u5eb7\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u6851\u5fb7\u5bf9\u6b64\u8868\u793a\u8d5e\u540c, \u5e76\u4e14\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd8\u5e94\u8be5\u5b9a\u4e49\u201c\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u201d\u201c\u5730\u65b9\u75c5\u201d\u548c\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u75c5\u201d, \u660e\u786e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5185\u6db5\u3002\u636e\u6d77\u5fb7\u665a\u5e74\u53e3\u8ff0, \u6574\u4e2a\u5206\u59d4\u4f1a\u56f4\u7ed5\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u6570\u65e5, \u6700\u540e\u65b9\u8fbe\u6210\u4e00\u81f4\u610f\u89c1\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u5728\u53f8\u4e39\u5df4\u63d0\u4ea4\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u7248\u672c\u4e2d, \u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u5e8f\u8a00, \u5e76\u4e14\u5e8f\u8a00\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6761\u7ed9\u51fa\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49:\u201c\u5065\u5eb7\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u7fb8\u5f31\u6216\u75be\u75c5, \u800c\u4e14\u662f\u7ecf\u7531\u9002\u5ea6\u7684\u996e\u98df\u3001\u4f4f\u623f\u548c\u953b\u70bc\u7b49\u826f\u597d\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u8eaf\u4f53\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u5b8c\u597d\u201d, \u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u5065\u5eb7\u662f\u8131\u79bb\u8d2b\u56f0, \u83b7\u5f97\u793e\u4f1a\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u5feb\u4e50\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u201d ([15], 61\u9875) \u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u56e2\u961f\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u8349\u6848\u4e2d\u867d\u6ca1\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49, \u4f46\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u4e5f\u6709\u9610\u91ca, \u8ba4\u4e3a:\u201c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u5408\u4f5c\u548c\u8054\u5408\u884c\u52a8\u90fd\u5c06\u63d0\u9ad8\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u6240\u6709\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e73, \u4fc3\u8fdb\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5c0a\u4e25\u548c\u5feb\u4e50\u3002\u201d\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u7248\u672c\u63d0\u51fa:\u201c\u5e94\u5f53\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u662f, \u5065\u5eb7\u5e94\u5305\u62ec\u7cbe\u795e\u5065\u5eb7\u3002\u201d\u6280\u672f\u7b79\u5907\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6700\u540e\u9012\u4ea4\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u7684\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u8349\u6848\u5e8f\u8a00\u5c06\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a:\u201c\u5065\u5eb7\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8eaf\u4f53\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u9002\u5b9c, \u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5b89\u4e50, \u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u865a\u5f31\u548c\u75be\u75c5\u3002\u201d\u4ec5\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u201c\u5b8c\u5168\u201d (complete) \u4e00\u8bcd[18]<\/a>\u3002\u5bf9\u6bd41948\u5e74\u56fd\u9645\u536b\u751f\u5927\u4f1a\u6240\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u4e2d\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49, \u5176\u4e2d\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u63aa\u8f9e\u7684\u6539\u53d8, \u5176\u57fa\u672c\u5185\u6db5\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u65bd\u601d\u660e\u5728\u5176\u56de\u5fc6\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u4e0e\u5947\u6cfd\u59c6\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u5e8f\u8a00\u65f6\u66fe\u6709\u8fc7\u9ed8\u5951\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u548c\u4e92\u76f8\u652f\u6301\u3002\u4ed6\u652f\u6301\u5947\u6cfd\u59c6\u52a0\u5165\u201c\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u5065\u5eb7\u5bf9\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u548c\u8c10\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9, \u800c\u5947\u6cfd\u59c6\u652f\u6301\u65bd\u601d\u660e\u52a0\u5165\u201c\u5065\u5eb7\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8eab\u4f53\u8212\u9002, \u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5e78\u798f, \u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u865a\u5f31\u548c\u75be\u75c5\u201d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u5947\u6cfd\u59c6\u5728\u6280\u672f\u7b79\u5907\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u7b2c\u56db\u5929\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u7cbe\u5f69\u7684\u62a5\u544a, \u6df1\u523b\u5256\u6790\u4e86\u4ed6\u5bf9\u75be\u75c5\u548c\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u7406\u89e3:\u201c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u5df2\u7ecf\u751f\u75c5, \u800c\u906d\u9047\u5230\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u5927\u591a\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5815\u843d, \u65e0\u6cd5\u4e0e\u81ea\u8eab\u548c\u5e73\u5171\u5904\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u3002\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u654c\u4eba, \u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u8bf8\u5982\u8ff7\u4fe1\u3001\u65e0\u77e5\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u4e0d\u5bb9\u5fcd\u3001\u60b2\u60e8\u548c\u8d2b\u7a77\u7684\u5b58\u5728, \u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5df2\u7ecf\u8db3\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5176\u6beb\u65e0\u8fd8\u624b\u4e4b\u529b\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u7f6a, \u4eba\u4eec\u5fc5\u9700\u8981\u627e\u5230\u9020\u6210\u5b83\u7684\u539f\u56e0, \u7136\u540e\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u5904\u65b9\u2026\u2026\u4eba\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5c3d\u5176\u6240\u80fd\u5730\u4e3a\u5168\u4eba\u7c7b\u63d0\u4f9b\u8eaf\u4f53\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u201d ([15], 13\u9875) \u663e\u7136, \u4ed6\u6240\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u8eaf\u4f53\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762, \u548c\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u4e0b\u8f7d\u539f\u56fe<\/a> <\/p>\n

\"\u56fe1 <\/p>\n

\u56fe1 \u6280\u672f\u7b79\u5907\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6210\u5458, \u5de6\u4fa7\u4e3a\u65bd\u601d\u660e\u535a\u58eb\u4e0e\u5947\u6cfd\u59c6\u4ea4\u8c08 <\/p>\n

(\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90:\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66Schiesinger\u56fe\u4e66\u9986) <\/p>\n

\u6d77\u5fb7\u56de\u5fc6\u9053:\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u8349\u6848\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5e8f\u8a00;\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u5e8f\u8a00\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u95ee\u9898;\u53f8\u4e39\u5df4\u535a\u58eb\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u5e8f\u8a00\u7684\u8349\u6848, \u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e8f\u8a00\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u2018\u6539\u9020\u2019\u7684, \u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u8d77\u8349\u5206\u59d4\u4f1a\u5728\u8fd9\u4e0a\u9762\u4e0b\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u529f\u592b\u3002\u201d\u8c08\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9f0e\u9f0e\u5927\u540d\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49, \u4ed6\u8c26\u865a\u8868\u793a:\u201c\u6211\u60f3\u6211\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u2018Whereas\u2019\u62ff\u8d70\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u201d[17]<\/a> <\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64, \u867d\u7136\u6280\u672f\u7b79\u5907\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u7acb\u4e4b\u524d, \u5728\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4ecd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u62e5\u6709\u65e0\u53ef\u6bd4\u62df\u7684\u5730\u4f4d, \u9a6c\u7a46\u62c9 (A.Manuila) \u66fe\u5982\u6b64\u8bc4\u4ef7\u8be5\u7cfb\u5217\u4f1a\u8bae:\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u6570\u4ee5\u5343\u8ba1\u7684\u5927\u4f1a\u548c\u5b98\u65b9\u4f1a\u8bae, \u4f46\u5728\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4e0a, \u65e0\u4e00\u80fd\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u7b79\u5907\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u4f1a\u8bae\u76f8\u63d0\u5e76\u8bba\u3002\u201d <\/p>\n

\u663e\u7136, \u53f8\u4e39\u5df4\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u63d0\u51fa\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u6027\u7684\u4f5c\u7528, \u4f46\u4e5f\u79bb\u4e0d\u5f00\u65bd\u601d\u660e\u3001\u5947\u6cfd\u59c6\u3001\u6851\u5fb7\u7b49\u59d4\u5458\u7684\u5927\u529b\u652f\u6301, \u4ee5\u81f3\u5728\u6700\u7ec8\u5168\u4f53\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u6295\u7968\u8868\u51b3\u65f6\u5f97\u4ee5\u987a\u5229\u901a\u8fc7\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u79bb\u4e0d\u5f00\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6c1b\u56f4\u3002\u57281947\u5e7412\u6708, \u5728\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u4eba\u6743\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5728\u4eba\u6743\u5baa\u7ae0\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u89c2\u5ff5:\u201c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba, \u4e0d\u8bba\u5176\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u72b6\u51b5, \u6709\u6743\u7ef4\u6301\u5176\u5065\u5eb7, \u5229\u7528\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u8d44\u6e90\u6240\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u6700\u9ad8\u6807\u51c6\u4e4b\u7cae\u98df\u3001\u8863\u670d\u3001\u4f4f\u6240\u4ee5\u53ca\u533b\u7597\u4fbf\u5229\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\u6c11\u5065\u5eb7\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u4e4b\u8d23\u4efb, \u53ea\u6709\u7528\u5145\u5206\u5065\u5eb7\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229\u63aa\u65bd\u65b9\u80fd\u8d1f\u8d77\u3002\u201d <\/p>\n

\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u75be\u75c5\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5883\u9047\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5145\u8db3\u7684\u571f\u58e4\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u7ec6\u80de\u75c5\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u9c81\u9053\u592b\u00b7\u5fae\u5c14\u5578 (Rudolf Virchow, 1821\u20141902) \u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u8005, \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e09\u70b9\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u7406\u8bba:\u9996\u5148, \u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u72b6\u51b5\u4f1a\u6df1\u523b\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u75be\u75c5\u548c\u533b\u5b66\u5b9e\u8df5, \u5176\u6b21, \u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u95ee\u9898, \u6700\u540e, \u793e\u4f1a\u5e94\u5f53\u901a\u8fc7\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u6765\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5065\u5eb7\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u4e0b\u8f7d\u539f\u56fe<\/a> <\/p>\n

\"\u56fe2 <\/p>\n

\u56fe2 \u8fc7\u6e21\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u7684\u53f8\u4e39\u5df4 (\u5de6) \u548c\u5947\u6cfd\u59c6 (\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90:\u53f8\u4e39\u5df4\u6863\u6848\u9986) <\/p>\n

\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u524d\u534a\u53f6, \u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u4ee5\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55, \u6311\u6218\u4e86\u9010\u6e10\u4e3b\u5bfc\u73b0\u4ee3\u533b\u5b66\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u751f\u7269\u533b\u5b66\u5178\u8303, \u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6538\u5173\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5229\u76ca, \u5b83\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u8005\u4e5f\u662f\u8bd5\u56fe\u6539\u5584\u793e\u4f1a\u5883\u9047\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u5bb6\u3001\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bb6\u3002\u5728\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u95f4, \u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u83b7\u5f97\u5b66\u672f\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u652f\u6301, \u56fd\u8054\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u628a\u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u9879\u4f18\u5148\u4e8b\u9879\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u63d0\u51fa\u4e4b\u65f6, \u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u6db5\u76d6\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e4b\u5e7f, \u4ea6\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u5927\u521b\u4e3e, \u6bd5\u7adf\u5b83\u6bd4\u6069\u683c\u5c14 (G.L.Engel) \u57281977\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u751f\u7269\u2014\u5fc3\u7406\u2014\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\u65e9\u4e86\u8fd130\u5e74\u3002\u5b83\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u5065\u5eb7\u800c\u975e\u5355\u7eaf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5173\u6ce8, \u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u72ed\u9698\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u533a\u57df\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002 <\/p>\n

20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b, \u968f\u7740\u8017\u8d44\u7cdc\u591a\u7684\u759f\u75be\u6d88\u9664\u9879\u76ee\u5ba3\u544a\u5931\u8d25, \u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u513f\u7ae5\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u5171\u540c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u521d\u7ea7\u536b\u751f\u4fdd\u5065\u6218\u7565, \u5e76\u57281978\u5e74\u56fd\u9645\u521d\u7ea7\u536b\u751f\u4fdd\u5065\u4f1a\u8bae\u7b7e\u7f72\u7684\u300a\u963f\u62c9\u6728\u56fe\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u4e2d\u91cd\u7533\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e49, \u5e76\u8865\u5145\u9053\u5065\u5eb7\u201c\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6743, \u8fbe\u5230\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u9ad8\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u6c34\u5e73\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u76ee\u6807, \u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u9700\u8981\u536b\u751f\u90e8\u95e8\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u591a\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u53ca\u7ecf\u6d4e\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u5171\u540c\u884c\u52a8\u201d\u3002 <\/p>\n

3 \u6279\u8bc4\u4e0e\u53cd\u601d<\/p>\n

\u81ea1948\u5e74\u6b63\u5f0f\u95ee\u4e16\u81f3\u4eca\u768460\u591a\u5e74\u4e2d, \u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u88ab\u53cd\u590d\u5f15\u7528, \u7136\u800c, \u6709\u5173\u5b83\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u4ece\u672a\u6d88\u5f2d, \u5e76\u4e14\u968f\u7740\u4eba\u7c7b\u75be\u75c5\u8c31\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u6108\u6f14\u6108\u70c8\u7684\u67b6\u52bf\u3002\u968f\u774020\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u533b\u5b66\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5174\u8d77, \u5bf9\u201c\u5065\u5eb7\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u65e5\u6e10\u9ad8\u6da8, \u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u6982\u5ff5\u518d\u6b21\u6210\u4e3a\u8bc4\u8bba\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e00, \u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u628a\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u6587\u5316\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6db5\u76d6\u5728\u5185, \u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4f53\u6280\u80fd\u3001\u5e73\u8861\u548c\u6ee1\u8db3\u76f8\u5173\u751f\u7269\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u6653\u5f97\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u4e4b\u4e0b\u518d\u53bb\u770b\u533b\u751f, \u5982\u5229\u6602\u00b7\u5361\u65af (Leon Kass) \u6240\u8bf4:\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u533b\u751f\u7684\u95e8\u524d, \u4ece\u7578\u5f62\u5230\u81ea\u6740, \u4ece\u4e0d\u5b55\u4e0d\u80b2\u5230\u4eba\u5de5\u6d41\u4ea7, \u4ece\u5a5a\u59fb\u95ee\u9898\u5230\u5b66\u4e60\u969c\u788d, \u4ece\u9057\u4f20\u54a8\u8be2\u5230\u836f\u7269\u6210\u763e, \u4ece\u61d2\u60f0\u5230\u72af\u7f6a\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u9700\u8981\u533b\u7597\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9, \u4f46\u53c8\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u533b\u5b66\u68c0\u67e5\u7b49\u624b\u6bb5\u786e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u751f\u75c5\u7684\u201c\u75c5\u4eba\u201d, \u88ab\u897f\u65b9\u533b\u5b66\u5bb6\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u62c5\u5fc3\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u4eba\u201d (the worried well) [26]<\/a>\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6279\u5224, \u8ba4\u4e3a\u533b\u5b66\u5316\u548c\u5065\u5eb7\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\u8f6c\u5ac1\u7ed9\u4e86\u533b\u5b66\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u7531\u4e8e\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u536b\u751f\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5f71\u54cd, \u8054\u5408\u56fd\u513f\u7ae5\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u51fa\u4e8e\u5b9e\u65bd\u6210\u6548\u7684\u8003\u8651, \u9010\u6e10\u5c06\u539f\u672c\u7684\u521d\u7ea7\u536b\u751f\u4fdd\u5065\u6218\u7565\u8f6c\u5411\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u521d\u7ea7\u536b\u751f\u4fdd\u5065, \u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c42\u9762, \u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u56e0\u7d20\u8003\u91cf\u88ab\u5f31\u5316\u4e86\u30021986\u5e7411\u670821\u65e5, \u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5236\u8ba2\u5065\u5eb7\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7684\u300a\u6e25\u592a\u534e\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b, \u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u201c\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u518d\u8ba4\u8bc6\u201d, \u91cd\u89c6\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528, \u800c\u5bf9\u66f4\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u73af\u5883\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u56e0\u7d20\u5173\u6ce8\u8f83\u5c11\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u540c\u6837, \u572820\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3, \u7531\u4e8e\u6709\u635f\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u836f\u7269\u548c\u5976\u7c89\u5e7f\u544a\u7684\u9650\u5236, \u4ee5\u53ca\u6bcd\u4e73\u5582\u517b\u3001\u63a7\u70df\u7b49\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u63a8\u884c, \u52a0\u4e4b\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u5316, \u4eba\u5458\u5197\u6742\u7b49\u95ee\u9898, \u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u6b27\u7f8e\u4e3b\u8981\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u65e5\u6e10\u7a81\u51fa, \u906d\u5230\u4e86\u8bf8\u591a\u6279\u5224\u3002\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u5c16\u9510\u5730\u6307\u51fa, \u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5982\u6b64\u5bbd\u6cdb, \u624d\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u5982\u6b64\u5e9e\u6742, \u5728\u7ecf\u8d39\u6709\u9650\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u663e\u5f97\u987e\u6b64\u5931\u5f7c\u3001\u529b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u591f\u3001\u6beb\u65e0\u91cd\u70b9\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u6b64\u5916, \u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u90fd\u5206\u522b\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u62c9\u68ee (James S.Larson) \u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u5fc3\u7406\u2014\u793e\u4f1a\u5065\u5eb7\u201d\u76f8\u6bd4\u201c\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5065\u5eb7\u201d\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u66f4\u4e3a\u51c6\u786e, \u5e76\u4e14\u5bf9\u201c\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u201d\u8fd9\u6837\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8d28\u7591;\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5b8c\u5168\u201d (complete) \u662f\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e4c\u6258\u90a6, \u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u76ee\u6807, \u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u65e0\u98d8\u6e3a\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002\u4e5f\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u56e0\u7d20\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5065\u5eb7, \u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5916\u5728\u56e0\u7d20\u548c\u73af\u5883, \u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u7528\u793e\u4f1a\u5065\u5eb7\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u72b6\u51b5;\u793e\u4f1a\u5065\u5eb7\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9002\u7528\u4eba\u7fa4\u800c\u975e\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6982\u5ff5[38]<\/a>\u3002\u4e00\u6279\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u53ef\u64cd\u4f5c\u6027\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6279\u8bc4, \u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e49, \u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9a\u91cf\u5730\u6d4b\u91cf\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u6c34\u5e73;\u8be5\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u9002\u7528\u6027\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u5f88\u591a\u7591\u8651;\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u8fdb\u884c\u6743\u91cd\u7684\u5212\u754c, \u800c\u4e14\u7cbe\u795e\u75be\u75c5\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5206\u7c7b\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u5f53\u7136, \u5728\u6279\u5224\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u6d89\u53ca\u9762\u592a\u5e7f\u7684\u540c\u65f6, \u4e5f\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u4e09\u7ef4\u5ea6\u5065\u5eb7\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u8db3, \u6885\u5c14\u6bd4 (F.Mellbye) \u548c\u963f\u74e6\u8fea (Abdul Rahman Al Awadi) \u7b49\u4ee3\u8868\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e0a\u63d0\u51fa, \u73b0\u6709\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u884c\u4e3a\u51b3\u5b9a\u56e0\u7d20\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5f71\u54cd, \u6bd4\u5982\u5438\u6bd2\u3001\u9157\u9152, \u56e0\u6b64\u5e94\u5f53\u52a0\u5165\u9053\u5fb7\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e0b, 1998\u5e74, 102\u5c4a\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5728\u6536\u5230\u4e13\u5bb6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u540e, \u5411\u6267\u59d4\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u589e\u52a0\u5fc3\u7075\u5065\u5eb7\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u8bae\u6848:\u201c\u5065\u5eb7\u662f\u8eaf\u4f53\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u3001\u5fc3\u7075\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u5b8c\u597d\u72b6\u6001, \u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u75be\u75c5\u3002\u201d\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e00\u5efa\u8bae\u5e76\u672a\u88ab\u91c7\u7eb3\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e5f\u81f3\u4eca\u672a\u88ab\u4fee\u6539\u3002 <\/p>\n

2005\u5e74, \u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u603b\u5e72\u4e8b\u674e\u949f\u90c1\u53d1\u8d77\u4e86\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u51b3\u5b9a\u56e0\u7d20\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a (Commission on the Social Determinants of Health) , \u65e8\u5728\u5e2e\u52a9\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u548c\u5168\u7403\u536b\u751f\u4f19\u4f34\u514b\u670d\u9020\u6210\u75be\u75c5\u4e0e\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u56e0\u7d20;2008\u5e74, \u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u603b\u5e72\u4e8b\u9648\u51af\u5bcc\u73cd\u5728\u300a\u67f3\u53f6\u5200\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u5173\u4e8e\u521d\u7ea7\u536b\u751f\u4fdd\u5065\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u2014\u2014\u2014\u300a\u56de\u5f52\u3008\u963f\u62c9\u6728\u56fe\u5ba3\u8a00\u3009\u4e4b\u8def\u300b;\u540c\u5e74, \u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53d1\u8868\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u62a5\u544a\u2014\u2014\u2014\u300a\u521d\u7ea7\u536b\u751f\u4fdd\u5065:\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u91cd\u8981\u300b (Primary Health Care:More than Ever) , \u8fd9\u90fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u56de\u5f52, \u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u91cd\u65b0\u7115\u53d1\u51fa\u6d3b\u529b\u548c\u751f\u673a\u3002 <\/p>\n

4 \u4f59\u8bba:\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd<\/p>\n

\u57281947\u5e74\u7b2c1\u5377\u7b2c1\u671f\u7684\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6c47\u62a5\u300b\u4e0a, \u5206\u522b\u6709\u4e24\u5904\u63d0\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49, \u4f46\u4e24\u5904\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7565\u6709\u5dee\u5f02, \u4e00\u5904\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u536b\u751f\u4e43\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0a, \u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u4e0e\u5904\u4e16\u65b9\u9762\u4e4b\u5b8c\u6574\u5065\u5168\u72b6\u6001, \u5e76\u4e0d\u6b62\u4e8e\u65e0\u75be\u75c5\u6216\u7fb8\u5f31\u800c\u5df2\u201d\u3002\u8ddd\u79bb\u8be5\u590410\u9875\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u5904\u88ab\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u5065\u5eb7\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e3a\u75be\u75c5\u6216\u7fb8\u5f31\u4e4b\u6d88\u9664, \u800c\u7cfb\u4f53\u683c, \u7cbe\u795e, \u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u5b8c\u5168\u5065\u5168\u72b6\u6001\u201d\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u5b98\u65b9\u7f51\u7ad9\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8bd1\u6587:\u201c\u5065\u5eb7\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e3a\u75be\u75c5\u6216\u7fb8\u5f31\u4e4b\u6d88\u9664, \u800c\u7cfb\u4f53\u683c\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u5b8c\u5168\u5065\u5eb7\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u201d\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u57fa\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u4ece1984\u20142009\u5e74\u5386\u4e2a\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u4e2d\u91c7\u7528\u5747\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bd1\u6587\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6587\u6240\u8ff0, 1978\u5e74\u9881\u5e03\u7684\u300a\u963f\u62c9\u6728\u56fe\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u518d\u6b21\u91cd\u7533, \u800c\u5728\u540c\u5e74\u5b98\u65b9\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u300a\u963f\u62c9\u6728\u56fe\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u4e2d, \u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u5374\u518d\u6b21\u53d1\u751f\u6539\u53d8:\u201c\u5065\u5eb7\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u75be\u75c5\u4e0e\u4f53\u865a\u7684\u533f\u8ff9, \u800c\u662f\u8eab\u5fc3\u5065\u5eb7\u793e\u4f1a\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u72b6\u51b5\u3002\u201d[24]<\/a> <\/p>\n

\u4e0b\u8f7d\u539f\u56fe<\/a> <\/p>\n

\"\u56fe3\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6c47\u62a5\u300b\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u8f7d\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49 <\/p>\n

\u56fe3\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6c47\u62a5\u300b\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u8f7d\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49 (1947\u5e74\u7b2c1\u5377\u7b2c1\u671f) <\/p>\n

\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f, \u76ee\u524d\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u73b0\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u732e\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u672c, \u751a\u81f3\u9c9c\u5c11\u88ab\u63d0\u53ca\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a, \u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u7f51\u68c0\u7d22\u53d1\u73b0, \u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u4e2d\u8bd1\u672c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u63aa\u8f9e\u8f83\u4e3a\u901a\u4fd7\u7684\u7248\u672c, \u5373\u201c\u5065\u5eb7\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u75be\u75c5, \u800c\u662f\u8eaf\u4f53\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5b8c\u597d\u72b6\u6001\u201d, \u6216\u8005\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u5176\u5b83\u53d8\u5f62\u3002\u4e0d\u53ef\u5426\u8ba4, \u73b0\u6709\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u8bd1\u6587\u7686\u5b58\u5728\u7f3a\u9677, \u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u7248\u672c\u662f\u7528\u5065\u5eb7\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u5065\u5eb7, \u903b\u8f91\u7684\u6f0f\u6d1e\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1, \u800c\u901a\u4fd7\u7248\u672c\u5b9e\u4e3a\u7b80\u5316\u7248, \u5c06\u75be\u75c5\u548c\u865a\u5f31 (\u6216\u4f53\u865a\u3001\u7fb8\u5f31) \u7b80\u5316\u4e3a\u75be\u75c5\u4e00\u8bcd;\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u95ee\u9898, \u8fd9\u4e00\u5907\u53d7\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u53c8\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u8bf8\u591a\u5728\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5f53\u7136, \u8fd9\u4e1d\u6beb\u6ca1\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u5b83\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u548c\u5f71\u54cd, \u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5f97\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4e2d\u533b\u754c\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\u3002\u636e\u79f0, \u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb, \u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u88ab\u533b\u751f\u3001\u836f\u4f01, \u4ee5\u53ca\u5065\u5eb7\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u517b\u751f\u4e13\u5bb6\u4e9a\u5065\u5eb7\u6240\u529b\u63a8\u7684\u4e9a\u5065\u5eb7\u6982\u5ff5, \u5c31\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u542f\u53d1[45]<\/a>\u3002\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a, \u201c\u4e9a\u5065\u5eb7\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u5177\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u8272\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u6982\u5ff5, \u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5730\u533a\u5e76\u65e0\u591a\u5c11\u77e5\u540d\u5ea6\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u68b3\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5065\u5eb7\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u6d41\u53d8\u53ef\u4ee5\u68c0\u89c6\u5065\u5eb7\u89c2\u5ff5\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u536b\u751f\u89c6\u57df\u4e0b\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8, \u4f46\u662f\u82e5\u662f\u8003\u5bdf\u5b83\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u548c\u5f71\u54cd, \u6050\u6015\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u5176\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u6b8a\u800c\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u3001\u6587\u5316\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d, \u6709\u5f85\u5c06\u6765\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/p>\n

[1] Dubos R, Mirage of Health:Utopias, Progress, and Biological Change (new edition) [M].Rutgers University Press, 1988.<\/a> <\/p>\n

[2] Yach D.Health and Illness:The Definition of the World Health Organization[J].ETHIK IN DER MEDIZIN.1998, 10 (1) :13\u201418<\/a> <\/p>\n

[3] \u9648\u7426.\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u521b\u5efa[N].\u5065\u5eb7\u62a5, 2011-10-14:6.<\/a> <\/p>\n

[4] \u82cf\u9759\u9759, \u5f20\u5927\u5e86.\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u53ca\u65e9\u671f\u5408\u4f5c (1945\u20141948) [J].\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u7814\u7a76, 2016, (3) :108 \u2014126.<\/a> <\/p>\n

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[6] Rosenberg C.Framing Disease:Illness, Society and History.in Rosenberg C, Golden J (eds) .Framing Disease:Studies in Cultural History[C].New Brunswick, New Jersey:Rutgers University Press, 1992.xiii<\/a> <\/p>\n

[7] \u82cf\u9759\u9759, \u5f20\u5927\u5e86.\u5168\u7403\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u536b\u751f\u5916\u4ea4[J].\u81ea\u7136\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76, 2011, 27 (20) :60\u201465.<\/a> <\/p>\n

[8] Brown TM, Fee E.Andrija Stampar:Charismatic Leader of Social Medicine and International Health[J].American Journal of Public Health, 2009, 96 (8) :1383.<\/a> <\/p>\n

[9] \u5f20\u529b.\u56fd\u9645\u5408\u4f5c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd:\u56fd\u9645\u8054\u76df\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u8003\u5bdf, 1919\u20141946[M].\u53f0\u5317:\u4e2d\u592e\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u6240, 1999.351.<\/a> <\/p>\n

[10] Fee E, Fox D M.AIDS:The Burden of History[M].Berkeley:University of California Press, 1988.362.<\/a> <\/p>\n

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