{"id":9299,"date":"2017-09-21T16:37:00","date_gmt":"2017-09-21T08:37:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/?p=7345"},"modified":"2022-07-12T13:34:08","modified_gmt":"2022-07-12T05:34:08","slug":"%e4%ba%92%e8%81%94%e7%bd%91%e8%83%8c%e6%99%af%e4%b8%8b%e7%9a%84%e5%88%b6%e5%ba%a6%e5%8e%8b%e5%8a%9b%e4%b8%8e%e4%bc%81%e4%b8%9a%e5%88%9b%e4%b8%9a%e6%88%98%e7%95%a5%e9%80%89%e6%8b%a9mdas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/?p=9299","title":{"rendered":"\u4e92\u8054\u7f51+\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0e\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u2014\u2014\u57fa\u4e8e\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u5e73\u53f0\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u8521\u5b81 \u8d3a\u9526\u6c5f \u738b\u8282\u7965 \u00a0 \u4e2d\u56fd\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ecf\u6d4e 2017,03,174-192<\/p>\n<p>\u6458 \u8981\uff1a\u201c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51+\u201d\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u5927\u91cf\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u653f\u7b56\u7ba1\u5236\u5f3a\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u884c\u4e1a, \u4f01\u4e1a\u9700\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6218\u7565\u884c\u52a8\u7a81\u7834\u5df2\u6709\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9, \u5df2\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u5176\u5185\u5728\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u673a\u7406\u5c1a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6df1\u5165\u5256\u6790\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4ee5\u201c\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u201d\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u4ea4\u901a\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u4e3a\u4f8b, \u5728\u533a\u5206\u4f01\u4e1a\u5c42 (\u4e1a\u52a1\u9009\u62e9) \u548c\u4e1a\u52a1\u5c42 (\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55) \u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a, \u56f4\u7ed5\u201c\u4f01\u4e1a\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u548c\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u201d\u4e24\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u95ee\u9898, \u5f00\u5c55\u5178\u578b\u4e2a\u6848\u5206\u6790\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e: (1) \u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u521b\u4e1a\u4e0d\u540c, \u5355\u4e00\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u903b\u8f91, \u9700\u5f15\u5165\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u89c6\u89d2, \u6574\u5408\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u548c\u6548\u7387\u4e24\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u5f00\u5c55\u5206\u6790\u3002 (2) \u4f01\u4e1a\u5c42\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u9009\u62e9\u4e0a (\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48) , \u5f53\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u8f83\u5f3a\u65f6, \u5f80\u5f80\u9075\u5faa\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236, \u4e3a\u83b7\u53d6\u5408\u6cd5\u6027, \u8fdb\u5165\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u8f83\u5f31\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1;\u5f53\u521b\u4e1a\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5f97\u4ee5\u63d0\u5347\u540e, \u4f01\u4e1a\u9762\u5bf9\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u51cf\u5f31, \u5c06\u57fa\u4e8e\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u4ee5\u6316\u6398\u548c\u6784\u5efa\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u9690\u542b\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411, \u9009\u62e9\u8fdb\u5165\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u8f83\u5f3a\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u3002 (3) \u4e1a\u52a1\u5c42\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6218\u7565\u4e0a (\u5982\u4f55\u505a) , \u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53d7\u5230\u5177\u4f53\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd, \u8fd8\u53d7\u4e1a\u52a1\u8282\u70b9\u4e0a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u573a\u57df\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6027\u4e24\u4e2a\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u8c03\u8282, \u5176\u6c34\u5e73\u8d8a\u9ad8\u4f01\u4e1a\u8d8a\u503e\u5411\u91c7\u53d6\u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d\u6218\u7565\u3002 (4) \u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u9009\u62e9\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u95f4\u65ad\u5e73\u8861\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u4e92\u8054\u7f51+; \u521b\u4e1a; \u5d4c\u5165\u6218\u7565; \u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u80fd\u529b; \u573a\u57df\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6027;<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u3001\u95ee\u9898\u63d0\u51fa<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765, \u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4fe1\u606f\u6280\u672f\u63a8\u52a8\u4ea7\u4e1a\u95f4\u878d\u5408\u53d1\u5c55, \u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u8fb9\u754c\u6a21\u7cca\u5730\u5e26\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u521b\u4e1a\u5728\u6539\u53d8\u4eba\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u540c\u65f6 (Burgelman, 1983) , \u65e5\u76ca\u6210\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u7684\u65b0\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u65b0\u5174\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u8de8\u754c\u521b\u4e1a\u5e38\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u7a81\u7834\u539f\u6709\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u5ea6\u7ea6\u675f, \u624d\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u548c\u53d1\u5c55, \u5178\u578b\u5982\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u91d1\u878d\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\u4ea4\u901a\u51fa\u884c\u3002\u4ee5\u7f51\u7ea6\u8f66\u5e73\u53f0\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u4e3a\u4f8b, \u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u5e02\u573a\u957f\u671f\u5904\u4e8e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u5236\u72b6\u6001, \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u7b49\u6b63\u662f\u501f\u52a9\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5e73\u53f0, \u5f00\u5c55\u591a\u6837\u5316\u7684\u6218\u7565\u884c\u52a8, \u76f8\u7ee7\u8fdb\u5165\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u3001\u4e13\u8f66\u3001\u5feb\u8f66\u548c\u987a\u98ce\u8f66\u7b49\u4e1a\u52a1, \u91c7\u53d6\u201c\u70e7\u94b1\u5927\u6218\u201d\u548c\u6210\u7acb\u6ef4\u6ef4\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u7b49\u65b9\u5f0f\u79ef\u6781\u63a8\u52a8\u884c\u4e1a\u5236\u5ea6\u53d8\u9769, \u624d\u9010\u6b65\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u91c7\u53d6\u4f55\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u548c\u6846\u67b6\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u6218\u7565\u884c\u52a8\u903b\u8f91, \u662f\u6781\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bae\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51+\u201d\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u5f3a\u5236\u5ea6\u7ea6\u675f\u4e0b\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u95ee\u9898\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u5206\u6790\u601d\u8def\u63d0\u51fa\u5982\u4e0b\u6311\u6218: (1) \u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u5bf9\u5f3a\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u884c\u4e3a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u529b, \u9700\u8981\u5f15\u5165\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236, \u6784\u5efa\u66f4\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u5728\u672c\u6587\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d, \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5229\u7528\u793e\u4f1a\u95f2\u7f6e\u7684\u79c1\u5bb6\u8f66\u8d44\u6e90\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4ea4\u901a\u670d\u52a1, \u6309\u7167\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u4f01\u4e1a\u5e94\u76f4\u63a5\u5207\u5165\u5e02\u573a\u9700\u6c42\u66f4\u5927\u3001\u80fd\u591f\u83b7\u53d6\u66f4\u5927\u6536\u76ca\u7684\u4e13\u8f66\u548c\u5feb\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1, \u4f46\u4f01\u4e1a\u5374\u9009\u62e9\u4ece\u7ebf\u4e0b\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u7ebf\u4e0a\u5316 (O2O, Online to Offline) \u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e1a\u52a1\u62d3\u5c55\u6210\u672c\u8003\u8651, \u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u521d\u521b\u671f\u9762\u5bf9\u5f3a\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b, \u4e1a\u52a1\u9009\u62e9\u8003\u91cf\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u80fd\u5426\u83b7\u53d6\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u4ee5\u4f7f\u4f01\u4e1a\u201c\u751f\u5b58\u201d\u4e0b\u53bb, \u56e0\u6b64\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7f51\u7ea6\u8f66\u5e73\u53f0\u4e00\u6837, \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u9009\u62e9\u4ece\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u7684O2O\u5207\u5165\u3002 (2) \u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u201d (Embeddedness) \u548c\u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d (Agency) \u4e24\u79cd\u9009\u62e9, \u5355\u4e00\u7684\u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u201d\u6216\u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b8c\u5168\u89e3\u91ca\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u521b\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u6218\u7565\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u201d\u5f3a\u8c03\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e3a\u83b7\u53d6\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5bf9\u65e2\u6709\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u201c\u540c\u6784\u201d (Isomorphism) (Dimaggio and Powell, 2000;\u9648\u7acb\u654f\u7b49, 2016) , \u8fd9\u6781\u5927\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u521b\u4e1a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5bf9\u73b0\u6709\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u7a81\u7834, \u7279\u522b\u662f\u4f01\u4e1a\u80fd\u52a8\u6027\u53d1\u6325\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u7f51\u7ea6\u8f66\u5e73\u53f0\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u884c\u4e3a\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6781\u5f3a\u7684\u201c\u79bb\u7ecf\u53db\u9053\u201d\u7279\u5f81, \u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u539f\u6709\u573a\u57df\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b, \u4e0e\u4ee5\u5f80\u91c7\u53d6\u201c\u540c\u6784\u201d\u7b56\u7565\u83b7\u53d6\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u601d\u8def\u4e0d\u5c3d\u76f8\u540c, \u4f01\u4e1a\u5bfb\u627e\u7a81\u7834\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u7a97\u53e3, \u901a\u8fc7\u6218\u7565\u884c\u52a8\u79ef\u6781\u201c\u5f00\u7586\u6269\u571f\u201d\u51b2\u51fb\u5df2\u6709\u5236\u5ea6, \u8feb\u4f7f\u5176\u51fa\u73b0\u677e\u52a8\u4e43\u81f3\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u56e0\u6b64, \u9700\u8981\u540c\u65f6\u8003\u8651\u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u201d\u548c\u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d, \u7cfb\u7edf\u7814\u7a76\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u3002 (3) \u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0e\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u76f8\u6096\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba (Mixed Finding) , \u9700\u8981\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u5f71\u54cd\u8fd9\u4e00\u5173\u7cfb\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u5df2\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u4e00\u822c\u8ba4\u4e3a, \u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u8d8a\u5f3a, \u4f01\u4e1a\u8d8a\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u9075\u5faa\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236, \u91c7\u53d6\u5d4c\u5165\u800c\u975e\u80fd\u52a8\u6218\u7565 (\u5468\u96ea\u5149, 2003) \u3002\u636e\u6b64, \u672c\u6587\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d, \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u5728\u4e13\u8f66\u548c\u5feb\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u4e0a\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u5747\u8f83\u5f3a, \u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u57fa\u4e8e\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u9009\u62e9\u5d4c\u5165\u6218\u7565, \u4f46\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u4e13\u8f66\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u5d4c\u5165\u6218\u7565\u800c\u5feb\u8f66\u5219\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u80fd\u52a8\u6218\u7565\u3002\u53ef\u89c1, \u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0e\u4f01\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5e76\u975e\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e0d\u53d8\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u6096\u8bba\u7684\u89e3\u91ca, \u9700\u8981\u5f15\u5165\u60c5\u5883\u53d8\u91cf (\u9648\u94b0\u82ac\u548c\u9648\u52b2, 2008) , \u63a2\u8ba8\u5728\u4f55\u79cd\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0e\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a, \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u5728\u4e1a\u52a1\u9009\u62e9\u4e0a\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b (\u4f01\u4e1a\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b) \u548c\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0a\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b (\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b) \u5b58\u5728\u533a\u522b, \u524d\u8005\u6307\u5728\u4e1a\u52a1\u9009\u62e9\u8282\u70b9\u4e0a\u4f01\u4e1a\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b, \u540e\u8005\u6307\u5728\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u5177\u4f53\u4e1a\u52a1\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u4e8e\u5982\u4e0a\u7406\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u6311\u6218, \u672c\u6587\u5c1d\u8bd5\u901a\u8fc7\u5178\u578b\u4e2a\u6848\u5f00\u5c55\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u6784\u5206\u6790\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u5c06\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u201c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51+\u201d\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u9762\u5bf9\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5185\u5728\u673a\u7406\u95ee\u9898, \u9009\u53d6\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u9886\u57df\u5f00\u5c55\u521b\u4e1a\u7684\u201c\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6848\u4f8b\u5bf9\u6b64\u5f00\u5c55\u5206\u6790\u3002\u201c\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u201d\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1a\u52a1\u6700\u5168\u7684\u4e00\u7ad9\u5f0f\u51fa\u884c\u5e73\u53f0, \u5728\u540e\u8fdb\u5165\u7f51\u7ea6\u8f66\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b, \u901a\u8fc7\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u5b9e\u65bd, \u7a81\u7834\u884c\u4e1a\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8ba4\u77e5\u7b49\u591a\u91cd\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b, \u6210\u529f\u83b7\u5f97\u4e0a\u6d77\u5e02\u4ea4\u901a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u9881\u53d1\u7684\u9996\u5f20\u201c\u7f51\u7edc\u7ea6\u79df\u8f66\u5e73\u53f0\u7ecf\u8425\u8d44\u683c\u8bb8\u53ef\u201d, \u5177\u6709\u6781\u5f3a\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u3002\u5bf9\u201c\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u201d\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76, \u5728\u7406\u8bba\u5c42\u9762\u6709\u671b\u6253\u5f00\u201c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51+\u201d\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0e\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u673a\u7406\u201c\u9ed1\u7bb1\u201d\u3002\u73b0\u5b9e\u5c42\u9762, \u5c06\u4e3a\u65b0\u7ecf\u6d4e\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u63d0\u4f9b\u6307\u5bfc\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8c\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6<\/p>\n<p>\u5df2\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0e\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u9010\u6e10\u5f62\u6210\u4e24\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9:\u4e00\u662f\u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u201d\u89c2, \u8ba4\u4e3a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9762\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b, \u4f1a\u91c7\u53d6\u201c\u540c\u6784\u201d\u7b56\u7565\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u5408\u6cd5\u6027, \u4fc3\u8fdb\u4f01\u4e1a\u6210\u957f;\u4e8c\u662f\u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d\u89c2, \u8ba4\u4e3a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u867d\u7136\u9762\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b, \u4f46\u4ecd\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u6325\u80fd\u52a8\u6027, \u91c7\u53d6\u6539\u53d8\u751a\u81f3\u91cd\u6784\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u7b56\u7565, \u8fdb\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4f01\u4e1a\u6210\u957f\u3002\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5b9e\u8df5\u8868\u660e, \u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5bf9\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u7684\u5e94\u5bf9\u6218\u7565\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u201d\u548c\u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u5408, \u4f01\u4e1a\u65e2\u4f1a\u90e8\u5206\u9075\u4ece\u5236\u5ea6\u7ea6\u675f, \u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u6218\u7565\u80fd\u52a8\u884c\u4e3a (Hargadon and Douglas, 2001;Li and Jiang, 2006) \u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5728\u660e\u6670\u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u201d\u548c\u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a, \u4ece\u5236\u5ea6\u7406\u8bba\u6e90\u5934\u51fa\u53d1, \u6784\u5efa\u8d77\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0e\u4f01\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u5206\u6790\u6846\u67b6, \u4ee5\u660e\u6670\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u673a\u5236\u4ee5\u53ca\u673a\u5236\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1. \u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0e\u4f01\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5206\u5316:\u5d4c\u5165\u4e0e\u80fd\u52a8<\/p>\n<p>\u5df2\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u5c06\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u6765\u6e90\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u89c4\u5236\u3001\u89c4\u8303\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e09\u79cd, \u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5bf9\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u5f71\u54cd\u4f01\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5206\u5316\u51fa\u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u201d\u548c\u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d\u4e24\u79cd\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u89c2\u70b9\u3002 (1) \u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u201d\u662f\u6307\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0b, \u4f1a\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u201c\u540c\u6784\u201d\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u5408\u6cd5\u6027, \u5f3a\u8c03\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u5bf9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5f62\u5851\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u5236\u5ea6\u7406\u8bba\u6700\u521d\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa\u548c\u5f97\u5230\u91cd\u89c6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u95ee\u9898, \u5373Dimaggio and Powell (2000) \u7b49\u6240\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d8b\u540c\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u538b\u529b\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u5f3a\u8feb (Coercive) \u3001\u6a21\u4eff (Mimetic) \u3001\u89c4\u8303 (Normative) \u4e09\u79cd\u673a\u5236, \u4fc3\u4f7f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6700\u7ec8\u540c\u5f62\u3002\u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u201d\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u5916\u90e8\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u5bf9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u9009\u62e9 (\u6797\u6da6\u8f89\u7b49, 2016) , \u5176\u7814\u7a76\u89c6\u89d2\u662f\u7ad9\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u201c\u5411\u91cc\u770b\u201d (\u66fe\u695a\u5b8f\u7b49, 2008) , \u5ba1\u89c6\u7684\u662f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u91c7\u53d6\u4e0d\u6539\u53d8\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u88ab\u52a8\u6218\u7565\u884c\u4e3a\u83b7\u53d6\u5408\u6cd5\u6027 (Suchman, 1995) \u3002\u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u201d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u65b0\u521b\u4f01\u4e1a\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u53bb\u6311\u6218\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u60c5\u666f (Li and Jiang, 2006) \u3002 (2) \u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d\u89c2\u8ba4\u4e3a, \u4e2a\u4f53\u5728\u5e94\u5bf9\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u65f6\u5177\u6709\u80fd\u52a8\u6027, \u5f3a\u8c03\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5177\u6709\u4e3b\u52a8\u6539\u53d8\u751a\u81f3\u91cd\u6784\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u80fd\u529b (\u8d75\u6676\u7b49, 2015) \u3002\u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u521b\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\u6982\u5ff5, \u80fd\u52a8\u89c2\u8ba4\u4e3a, \u7a81\u7834\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\u5148\u4e8e\u521b\u4e1a\u8005\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5ba2\u89c2\u73af\u5883, \u7531\u521b\u4e1a\u8005\u53d1\u73b0\u6216\u662f\u7531\u521b\u4e1a\u8005\u7684\u521b\u9020\u6027\u60f3\u8c61\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u5316\u6280\u80fd\u7b49\u5185\u5728\u56e0\u7d20\u6784\u5efa\u51fa\u6765\u7684 (Alvarez and Barney, 2007;Shane, 2012;\u65af\u6653\u592b\u7b49, 2016) \u3002\u521b\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0 (Opportunity Discovered) \u548c\u6784\u5efa (Opportunity Constructed) \u90fd\u662f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u79ef\u6781\u53d1\u6325\u4e3b\u89c2\u80fd\u52a8\u6027\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b, \u4e00\u65b9\u9762, \u867d\u7136\u673a\u4f1a\u662f\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b58\u5728\u7684, \u4f46\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u521b\u4e1a\u8005\u79ef\u6781\u611f\u77e5 (Mathias et al., 2015;Jaskiewicz et al., 2015) ;\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762, \u521b\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\u6765\u81ea\u521b\u4e1a\u8005\u5bf9\u5916\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u7684\u8fed\u4ee3\u601d\u8003\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u8fdb\u884c\u4e3b\u52a8\u6784\u5efa (Jennings et al., 2015;Alvarez et al., 2015) \u3002\u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d\u805a\u7126\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5bf9\u5916\u90e8\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u80fd\u529b, \u5176\u7814\u7a76\u89c6\u89d2\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u7ad9\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u201c\u5411\u5916\u770b\u201d (\u66fe\u695a\u5b8f\u7b49, 2008) \u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f, \u867d\u7136\u73b0\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u201d\u548c\u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d\u7684\u5206\u5316, \u4f46\u662f\u5e76\u672a\u9610\u91ca\u5176\u53d1\u751f\u5206\u5316\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2. \u5236\u5ea6\u7406\u8bba\u6eaf\u6e90:\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u4e0e\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u7684\u5173\u8054<\/p>\n<p>\u5236\u5ea6\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236, \u4f46\u5176\u5e76\u4e0d\u6392\u65a5\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u3002\u5236\u5ea6\u5b66\u6d3e\u5b66\u8005\u5c06\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u73af\u5883\u533a\u5206\u4e3a\u6280\u672f\u73af\u5883\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883 (Meyer and Rowan, 1977;\u5468\u96ea\u5149, 2003) :\u6280\u672f\u73af\u5883\u8981\u6c42\u6309\u7167\u6700\u5927\u5316\u6548\u7387\u539f\u5219\u7ec4\u7ec7\u751f\u4ea7, \u5f3a\u8c03\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6548\u7387\u6027;\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u8981\u6c42\u7ec4\u7ec7\u91c7\u53d6\u201c\u5e7f\u4e3a\u63a5\u53d7\u201d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u505a\u6cd5, \u5f3a\u8c03\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002\u4ee5\u5f3a\u8c03\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840, \u5927\u91cf\u6587\u732e\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u57fa\u4e8e\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u5f62\u6210\u7814\u7a76, \u7814\u7a76\u89c6\u89d2\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u5bf9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4f46\u4e0d\u53ef\u5426\u8ba4\u7684\u662f, \u5236\u5ea6\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u5f3a\u8c03\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u540c\u65f6, \u5e76\u672a\u5b8c\u5168\u5426\u8ba4\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u540e\u6765\u5236\u5ea6\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e0d\u65ad\u5f3a\u8c03\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236, \u4f46\u5728\u5236\u5ea6\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u4e0a\u5e76\u672a\u5426\u8ba4\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002Meyer and Rowan (1977) \u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u751f\u5b58\u6a21\u578b, \u7ed3\u5408\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7406\u8bba\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u6210\u529f, \u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u7ee9\u6548\u597d\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9, \u8ba4\u4e3a\u4f01\u4e1a\u83b7\u5f97\u751f\u5b58\u673a\u4f1a, \u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u9075\u5b88\u73af\u5883\u5236\u5ea6\u83b7\u5f97\u5408\u6cd5\u6027, \u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u9ad8\u7ee9\u6548\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6548\u7387, \u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002\u800c\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u63d0\u5347\u80fd\u591f\u4f7f\u4f01\u4e1a\u5f97\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u8ba4\u53ef, \u4ece\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u66f4\u591a\u8d44\u6e90, \u4fc3\u8fdb\u4f01\u4e1a\u6210\u957f\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u6280\u672f\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u5bf9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8981\u6c42\u77db\u76fe\u65f6, \u4f01\u4e1a\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u628a\u5185\u90e8\u8fd0\u4f5c\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u79bb, \u5c06\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u53d8\u6210\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u7684\u4e1c\u897f (\u8131\u8026) \u3002\u4ece\u5236\u5ea6\u7406\u8bba\u6e90\u5934\u4e2d\u53ef\u53d1\u73b0, \u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u548c\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u4e24\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u975e\u6b64\u5373\u5f7c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb, \u540c\u4e00\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4f1a\u5728\u5e94\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u73af\u5883\u65f6\u91c7\u53d6\u9002\u5b9c\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002\u4e24\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u5f80\u5f80\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u7406\u60f3\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0a\u4e88\u4ee5\u533a\u5206, \u73b0\u5b9e\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u4ea4\u7ec7\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u5bf9\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u884c\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u5355\u4e00\u673a\u5236\u4f5c\u7528, \u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u5d4c\u5165\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u540c\u65f6, \u4e5f\u4f1a\u79ef\u6781\u5bfb\u627e\u673a\u4f1a\u5bf9\u539f\u6709\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u5f62\u6210\u7a81\u7834\u3002<\/p>\n<p>3.\u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u201d\u548c\u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d\u7684\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u5206\u6790\u6846\u67b6<\/p>\n<p>\u5236\u5ea6\u7406\u8bba\u8f83\u4e3a\u5173\u6ce8\u5236\u5ea6\u529b\u91cf\u5bf9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d8b\u540c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd, \u521b\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u5219\u5f3a\u8c03\u521b\u9020\u6027\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u53d8\u9769\u4f5c\u7528 (\u5c39\u73cf\u6797\u548c\u4efb\u5175, 2009) , \u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u884c\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u5929\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u201d\u548c\u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d\u7684\u5185\u5728\u5f20\u529b\u3002\u5f53\u4f01\u4e1a\u9762\u5bf9\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u65f6, \u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53ef\u80fd\u9009\u62e9\u88ab\u52a8\u9002\u5e94\u5916\u90e8\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883 (\u5d4c\u5165) , \u9075\u5faa\u5236\u5ea6\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236;\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u4f1a\u91c7\u53d6\u79ef\u6781\u884c\u52a8\u6539\u53d8\u4e0e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\u7684\u73af\u5883 (\u80fd\u52a8) , \u9075\u5faa\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u5bf9\u521b\u4e1a\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5b58\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u673a\u5236:\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236, \u901a\u8fc7\u5f3a\u8feb\u3001\u6a21\u4eff\u3001\u89c4\u8303\u4e09\u79cd\u5177\u4f53\u673a\u5236\u7ea6\u675f\u7ec4\u7ec7, \u7ec4\u7ec7\u4f9d\u636e\u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u201d\u5bf9\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u88ab\u52a8\u5e94\u5bf9, \u91c7\u53d6\u4f9d\u4ece\u548c\u9009\u62e9\u4e24\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4f9d\u4ece\u662f\u6307\u5bf9\u65e2\u6709\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u9075\u4ece, \u9009\u62e9\u5219\u662f\u5bf9\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6311\u9009, \u4e24\u8005\u5747\u4e0d\u6539\u53d8\u73af\u5883\u672c\u8eab;\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236, \u5c31\u662f\u7ed3\u5408\u521b\u4e1a\u60c5\u5883\u5bf9\u521b\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u6784\u5efa, \u901a\u8fc7\u91c7\u53d6\u64cd\u7eb5\u548c\u521b\u9020\u4e24\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u884c\u4e3a, \u7ec4\u7ec7\u4f9d\u636e\u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d\u4e3b\u52a8\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u6784\u5efa\u6539\u53d8\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u64cd\u7eb5\u662f\u5bf9\u65e2\u6709\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u8c03\u6574, \u521b\u9020\u662f\u5bf9\u65e2\u6709\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u98a0\u8986\u548c\u9769\u65b0, \u5747\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u65e2\u6709\u5236\u5ea6 (Zimmerman and Zeitz, 2002) \u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u884c\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20, \u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u5f15\u5165\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u540c\u7b49\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5374\u91c7\u53d6\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6218\u7565\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4ece\u5236\u5ea6\u521b\u4e1a\u8005\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u7279\u5f81\u51fa\u53d1, \u5f15\u5165\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u60c5\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u2014\u2014\u2014\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u80fd\u529b (Entrepreneurial Institutional Competencies) , \u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u754c\u5b9a\u4e3a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5904\u7406\u4f01\u4e1a\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u4f17\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4ece\u573a\u57df\u5c42\u9762\u51fa\u53d1, \u5f15\u5165\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u60c5\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u2014\u2014\u2014\u573a\u57df\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6027 (Field Centrality) , \u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u754c\u5b9a\u4e3a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u573a\u57df\u4e2d\u5904\u4e8e\u6838\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6, \u5f3a\u8c03\u5236\u5ea6\u521b\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u573a\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u80fd\u529b\u8d8a\u5f3a, \u573a\u57df\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6027\u8d8a\u9ad8, \u8d8a\u4f1a\u6b63\u5411\u8c03\u8282\u4f01\u4e1a\u9009\u62e9\u66f4\u4e3b\u52a8\u7684\u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d\u6218\u7565\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u7efc\u4e0a, \u672c\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5206\u6790\u6846\u67b6, \u5982\u56fe1\u6240\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a>\u4e0b\u8f7d\u539f\u56fe<\/a><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/KXReader\/Detail\/GetImg?filename=images\/GGYY201703011_37500.jpg&amp;uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1Fhb09jMjQydEc3WDUvMUxvRGpsK1VGK3FUQ0RZYz0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!\" alt=\"\u56fe1 \u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0e\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6846\u67b6\" width=\"583\" height=\"250\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u56fe1 \u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0e\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6846\u67b6<\/p>\n<p>\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90:\u4f5c\u8005\u7ed8\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e09\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u8ba1<\/p>\n<p>1. \u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u6848\u4f8b\u9009\u62e9<\/p>\n<p>(1) \u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 (1) \u672c\u6587\u91c7\u7528\u5355\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5355\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u5206\u6790\u5355\u5143 (\u4f01\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u671f) , \u591a\u4e2a\u5206\u6790\u5355\u5143\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u6210\u662f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c (Yin, 1989) , \u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u5f52\u7eb3\u51fa\u66f4\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6a21\u578b, \u4fdd\u8bc1\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3002 (2) \u672c\u6587\u91c7\u7528\u7eb5\u5411\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u7eb5\u5411\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u80fd\u6df1\u5165\u63ed\u793a\u5355\u4e00\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u53d8\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b (Eisenhardt, 1989) \u3002 (3) \u7814\u7a76\u201c\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u201d\u7528\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u66f4\u5408\u9002 (Walsham, 1995) , \u5bf9\u6848\u4f8b\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u7406\u89e3\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u5168\u9762\u3001\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4ece\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u53d1\u5c55\u5165\u624b, \u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u5256\u6790\u4f01\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5386\u7a0b\u53ca\u60c5\u5883\u53d8\u5316, \u63a2\u8ba8\u89e3\u91ca\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u903b\u8f91, \u56e0\u6b64\u91c7\u7528\u7eb5\u5411\u5355\u6848\u4f8b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5408\u9002\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(2) \u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u9009\u62e9\u5317\u4eac\u5c0f\u6854\u79d1\u6280\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8 (\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c) \u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61, \u8be5\u4f01\u4e1a\u662f\u4e00\u5bb6\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u79fb\u52a8\u4ea4\u901a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4f01\u4e1a, \u4ece\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u5f00\u59cb, \u8fc5\u901f\u6210\u957f\u4e3a\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7ea6\u8f66\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u9f99\u5934\u4f01\u4e1a\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u9009\u62e9\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u6848\u4f8b\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u539f\u56e0: (1) \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u662f\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u884c\u4e1a (\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u884c\u4e1a) \u5f62\u6210\u5de8\u5927\u51b2\u51fb\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u4f01\u4e1a, \u8be5\u6848\u4f8b\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u9ad8\u5178\u578b\u6027\u548c\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u3002 (2) \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u521b\u4e1a\u7684\u5178\u578b\u6848\u4f8b, \u9009\u62e9\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u5bf9\u521b\u4e1a\u7ba1\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u56fd\u60c5\u5883\u5316\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002 (3) \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u7ea6\u79df\u8f66\u5e73\u53f0\u9886\u57df\u662f\u4e1a\u52a1\u6700\u4e3a\u5168\u9762\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a, \u5e76\u4e8e2015\u5e7410\u6708\u5f97\u5230\u4e0a\u6d77\u5e02\u4ea4\u901a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef, \u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u5bb6\u5f97\u5230\u653f\u5e9c\u7f51\u7edc\u7ea6\u79df\u8f66\u5e73\u53f0\u7ecf\u8425\u8d44\u683c\u8bb8\u53ef\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u3002\u827e\u745e\u54a8\u8be2\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u300a2016\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u79fb\u52a8\u7aef\u51fa\u884c\u670d\u52a1\u5e02\u573a\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u300b\u663e\u793a, \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u5728\u7f51\u7ea6\u8f66\u884c\u4e1a\u4e2d\u5360\u636e\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(3) \u6570\u636e\u6536\u96c6\u3002\u672c\u6848\u4f8b\u6570\u636e\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762: (1) \u6863\u6848\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u5317\u4eac\u5c0f\u6854\u79d1\u6280\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u5b98\u65b9\u7f51\u7ad9, \u516c\u53f8\u9ad8\u7ba1\u5728\u4f01\u4e1a\u5927\u4f1a\u4e0a\u7684\u53d1\u8a00\u3002\u6b64\u7c7b\u6863\u6848\u6570\u636e\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6218\u7565\u89c4\u5212\u53ca\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6709\u6548\u4fe1\u606f, \u4e3a\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u4f9b\u8be6\u5b9e\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4f9d\u636e\u3002 (2) \u6587\u732e\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u641c\u7d22CNKI\u6570\u636e\u5e93, \u83b7\u5f97\u76f8\u5173\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u9053\u548c\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5220\u9664\u91cd\u590d\u8d44\u6599\u548c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u591a\u65b9\u5370\u8bc1\u7684\u4fe1\u606f, \u4fdd\u7559\u6709\u5145\u5206\u4f9d\u636e\u7684\u4e8c\u624b\u8d44\u6599\u3002 (3) \u5b9e\u5730\u8bbf\u8c08\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u501f\u52a9\u540c\u5b66\u5728\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u676d\u5dde\u5206\u516c\u53f8\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u673a\u4f1a, \u5229\u7528\u793e\u4f1a\u7f51\u7edc\u5173\u7cfb\u4e8e2016\u5e745\u20147\u6708\u5bf9\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u676d\u5dde\u5206\u516c\u53f8\u90e8\u5206\u8d44\u6df1\u5458\u5de5\u8fdb\u884c\u8bbf\u8c08\u3002\u8bbf\u8c08\u5bf9\u8c61\u5305\u62ec\u90e8\u95e8\u4e3b\u7ba1\u3001\u8d44\u6df1\u5458\u5de5\u7b49\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u5305\u62ec:\u5bf9\u4e8c\u624b\u6570\u636e\u518d\u6b21\u5370\u8bc1;\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u6218\u7565\u884c\u4e3a;\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u5458\u5de5\u5bf9\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u7406\u5ff5\u3001\u6218\u7565\u6587\u5316\u7b49\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2. \u6848\u4f8b\u7b80\u4ecb<\/p>\n<p>\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u4ece\u6700\u521d\u7684\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u6253\u8f66\u5e73\u53f0\u8fc5\u901f\u6210\u957f\u4e3a\u6db5\u76d6\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u3001\u4e13\u8f66\u3001\u5feb\u8f66\u3001\u987a\u98ce\u8f66\u3001\u4ee3\u9a7e\u53ca\u5927\u5df4\u7b49\u591a\u9879\u4e1a\u52a1\u5728\u5185\u7684\u4e00\u7ad9\u5f0f\u51fa\u884c\u5e73\u53f0\u3002\u5728\u540e\u8fdb\u5165\u7f51\u7ea6\u8f66\u5e73\u53f0\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b, \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u901a\u8fc7\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u5b9e\u65bd, \u7a81\u7834\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u884c\u4e1a\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7b49\u91cd\u91cd\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b, \u4e8e2015\u5e7410\u6708\u6210\u529f\u83b7\u5f97\u4e0a\u6d77\u5e02\u4ea4\u901a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7f51\u7edc\u7ea6\u79df\u8f66\u5e73\u53f0\u7ecf\u8425\u8d44\u683c\u8bb8\u53ef\u3002\u6b64\u540e, \u867d\u7136\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u4f9d\u7136\u53d7\u5230\u6765\u81ea\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u548c\u7ba1\u5236, \u59822016\u5e7410\u6708\u5404\u5730\u7eb7\u7eb7\u51fa\u53f0\u653f\u7b56\u5bf9\u53f8\u673a\u8eab\u4efd\u3001\u8f66\u8f86\u8fdb\u884c\u6237\u7c4d\u548c\u5730\u57df\u9650\u5236, \u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u59a8\u788d\u5176\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u3002\u603b\u4f53\u6765\u770b, \u5373\u4f7f\u7f51\u7ea6\u8f66\u884c\u4e1a\u591a\u6b21\u53d7\u5230\u653f\u5e9c\u89c4\u5236\u5f71\u54cd, \u4f46\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u4ecd\u7136\u4ece\u201c\u771f\u7a7a\u573a\u57df\u201d\u3001\u201c\u9ed1\u8f66\u4e8b\u4ef6\u201d\u7b49\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7f3a\u5931\u9636\u6bb5\u8d70\u5411\u4e86\u201c\u653f\u5e9c\u8bb8\u53ef\u201d\u9636\u6bb5, \u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5730\u4f4d\u5f97\u4ee5\u786e\u7acb\u3002\u672c\u6587\u51fa\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u5f97\u6027\u7b49\u5ba2\u89c2\u539f\u56e0, \u9009\u62e9\u53d1\u5c55\u76f8\u5bf9\u6210\u719f\u5e76\u4e14\u6570\u636e\u6613\u5f97\u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u4e1a\u52a1 (\u5305\u62ec\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u3001\u4e13\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u3001\u5feb\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u548c\u987a\u98ce\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1) \u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790, \u5176\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8282\u70b9\u5982\u56fe2\u6240\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(1) \u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u3002\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u521b\u7acb\u4e4b\u521d\u9762\u5bf9\u5f3a\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b, \u4ece\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u5207\u5165, \u91c7\u53d6\u5982\u4e0b\u6218\u7565: (1) \u670d\u4ece\u884c\u4e1a\u5185\u65e2\u6709\u6253\u8f66\u8f6f\u4ef6 (\u5982\u6447\u6447\u62db\u8f66\u7b49) \u6a21\u5f0f, \u548c\u94f6\u5c71\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u79df\u8d41\u516c\u53f8\u5f00\u5c55\u5408\u4f5c, \u7740\u529b\u4e8e\u5efa\u7acb\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u884c\u4e1a\u51fa\u884c\u7684O2O\u5e73\u53f0\u3002 (2) \u5730\u7406\u4e0a\u9009\u62e9\u7f51\u7ea6\u8f66\u4f01\u4e1a\u76f8\u5bf9\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u5317\u4eac, \u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e, \u4e00\u65b9\u9762, \u5728\u4f01\u4e1a\u805a\u96c6\u5730\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u884c\u4e1a\u5185\u538b\u529b\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5f31;\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762, \u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u57ce\u5e02, \u5317\u4eac\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3, \u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u5ea6\u66f4\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a>\u4e0b\u8f7d\u539f\u56fe<\/a><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/KXReader\/Detail\/GetImg?filename=images\/GGYY201703011_38400.jpg&amp;uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1Fhb09jMjQydEc3WDUvMUxvRGpsK1VGK3FUQ0RZYz0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!\" alt=\"\u56fe2 \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8282\u70b9\" width=\"500\" height=\"162\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u56fe2 \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8282\u70b9<\/p>\n<p>\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90:\u4f5c\u8005\u6839\u636e\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u53d1\u5c55\u7ed8\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(2) \u4e13\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u3002\u5728\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u79ef\u7d2f\u5927\u91cf\u7528\u6237\u540e, \u4f01\u4e1a\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u663e\u8457\u5c0f\u4e8e\u521d\u521b\u671f, \u5e76\u5f00\u59cb\u7740\u773c\u4e8e\u6253\u7834\u7528\u6237\u8fb9\u754c, \u6b64\u65f6, \u4f01\u4e1a\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u5982\u4e0b\u6218\u7565: (1) \u9075\u5faa\u884c\u4e1a\u60ef\u4f8b, \u6a21\u4eff\u4e00\u53f7\u4e13\u8f66\u7b49\u540c\u884c\u4e1a\u5176\u4ed6\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f, \u8f66\u8f86\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6302\u9760\u5728\u6c7d\u8f66\u79df\u8d41\u516c\u53f8\u4e0b\u7684\u79c1\u5bb6\u8f66, \u53f8\u673a\u4e0e\u6ef4\u6ef4\u4e13\u8f66\u7b7e\u8ba2\u52b3\u52a1\u5408\u540c\u3002 (2) \u5728\u63a8\u51fa\u4e13\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u65f6, \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u9009\u62e9\u4ece\u5317\u4eac\u548c\u5e7f\u5dde\u4e24\u5730\u9996\u5148\u63a8\u51fa, \u4e24\u5730\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u8fbe, \u6587\u5316\u5305\u5bb9, \u5bf9\u65b0\u4e8b\u7269\u63a5\u53d7\u5ea6\u6bd4\u8f83\u9ad8;\u4e13\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u4e3b\u8981\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u9ad8\u7aef\u4eba\u7fa4, \u8be5\u7fa4\u4f53\u6bd4\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7fa4\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u5ea6, \u4fbf\u4e8e\u4e13\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u7684\u63a8\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(3) \u5feb\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u3002\u4e13\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u5177\u6709\u6c7d\u8f66\u79df\u8d41\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u201d, \u4e14\u4e13\u8f66\u573a\u57df\u5185\u6709\u4e00\u53f7\u4e13\u8f66\u7b49\u4ee5\u4e13\u8f66\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a, \u867d\u7136\u53d7\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u89c4\u5236\u7ea6\u675f, \u4f46\u4f01\u4e1a\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4ecd\u7136\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5f31\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64, \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u4e8e2015\u5e745\u6708\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63a8\u51fa\u4ee5\u79c1\u5bb6\u8f66\u4e3a\u7ea6\u8f66\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6ef4\u6ef4\u5feb\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1, \u4e3b\u8981\u6218\u7565\u6709: (1) \u5021\u5bfc\u516c\u76ca\u6027, \u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e3a\u516c\u76ca\u6027\u642d\u8f66\u670d\u52a1, \u6539\u53d8\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u5e02\u573a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u7684\u539f\u6709\u8ba4\u77e5;\u540c\u65f6\u8bbe\u7acb\u201c\u6ef4\u6ef4\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u201d, \u901a\u8fc7\u5927\u6570\u636e\u79d1\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u5f15\u5bfc\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002 (2) \u5e76\u8d2d\u5feb\u7684\u6253\u8f66, \u901a\u8fc7\u5e76\u8d2d\u6539\u53d8\u7f51\u7ea6\u8f66\u5e02\u573a\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u4f01\u4e1a\u5e02\u573a\u4efd\u989d\u9010\u6e10\u63d0\u5347, 2015\u5e74\u5168\u5e74\u6570\u636e\u663e\u793a, \u6ef4\u6ef4\u4e13\u5feb\u8f66\u7528\u6237\u8986\u76d6\u6570\u91cf\u5360\u6bd4\u8fbe88.4%, \u6210\u4e3a\u884c\u4e1a\u9886\u519b\u4f01\u4e1a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(4) \u987a\u98ce\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u3002\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e8e2015\u5e746\u6708\u63a8\u51fa\u987a\u98ce\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1, \u5f97\u5230\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef: (1) \u521b\u9020\u6027\u5730\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u5171\u4eab\u7eff\u8272\u51fa\u884c\u201d, \u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u5021\u5bfc\u7684\u201c\u7eff\u8272\u51fa\u884c\u201d\u7406\u5ff5\u4e00\u81f4, \u5e73\u53f0\u4e0d\u6536\u53d6\u4efb\u4f55\u8d39\u7528, \u5173\u6ce8\u7eff\u8272\u548c\u73af\u4fdd, \u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u6d77\u6dc0\u533a\u6587\u660e\u529e\u526f\u4e3b\u4efb\u8d3e\u6d9b\u4e3a\u6ef4\u6ef4\u987a\u98ce\u8f66\u53d1\u5e03\u4f1a\u4eb2\u81ea\u201c\u7ad9\u53f0\u201d;2016\u5e74\u6625\u8fd0, \u6ef4\u6ef4\u6625\u8fd0\u8de8\u57ce\u987a\u98ce\u8f66\u5171\u8ba1190\u4e07\u4eba\u5408\u4e58, \u7528\u6237\u904d\u53ca332\u57ce, \u83b7\u5b98\u65b9\u5a92\u4f53\u300a\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u7b49\u62a5\u9053\u3002 (2) \u987a\u98ce\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u98a0\u8986\u7528\u6237\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ea6\u8f66\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5, \u5c06\u7ea6\u8f66\u62d3\u5bbd\u81f3\u793e\u4ea4\u5f0f\u7684\u201c\u4e00\u5bf9\u4e00\u201d\u7ed3\u4f34\u51fa\u884c\u9886\u57df (\u53f8\u673a\u548c\u4e58\u5ba2\u6709\u5934\u50cf\u3001\u5e76\u80fd\u4e92\u8bc4\u7b49\u90fd\u662f\u793e\u4ea4\u5143\u7d20) , \u5f97\u5230\u5e02\u573a\u8ba4\u53ef\u3002\u987a\u98ce\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u8206\u8bba\u7684\u529b\u8d5e (\u65b0\u534e\u7f51\u3001\u7f51\u6613\u65b0\u95fb\u7b49\u5a92\u4f53\u4ee5\u201c\u7eff\u8272\u51fa\u884c\u201d\u4e3a\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u8fdb\u884c\u62a5\u9053) , \u5e2e\u52a9\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u8d70\u51fa\u4e86\u4e13\u5feb\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u7684\u9634\u5f71\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2015\u5e7410\u6708, \u4e0a\u6d77\u5e02\u4ea4\u901a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6b63\u5f0f\u5411\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u9881\u53d1\u7f51\u7edc\u7ea6\u79df\u8f66\u5e73\u53f0\u7ecf\u8425\u8d44\u683c\u8bb8\u53ef, \u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u56fd\u5185\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5f20\u4e13\u8f66\u5e73\u53f0\u8bb8\u53ef\u8d44\u8d28\u3002\u6b64\u540e, \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u5f00\u59cb\u5168\u9762\u5e03\u5c40\u4f01\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u53d1\u5c55, \u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u642d\u5efa\u6574\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u4ea4\u901a\u7684\u751f\u6001\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u662f, \u5373\u4f7f\u5404\u5730\u4e8e2016\u5e7410\u6708\u5f00\u59cb\u7eb7\u7eb7\u51fa\u53f0\u201c\u65b0\u653f\u201d\u5bf9\u7f51\u7ea6\u8f66\u884c\u4e1a\u52a0\u5f3a\u7ea6\u675f, \u4f46\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u4ecd\u7136\u5360\u636e\u7f51\u7ea6\u8f66\u884c\u4e1a\u6700\u5927\u5e02\u573a\u4efd\u989d, \u5728\u884c\u4e1a\u5185\u5177\u6709\u5f3a\u5f71\u54cd\u529b, \u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5730\u4f4d\u6bcb\u5eb8\u7f6e\u7591\u3002\u51fa\u4e8e\u6848\u4f8b\u7a33\u5065\u6027\u548c\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u5f97\u6027\u7684\u8003\u8651, \u672c\u6587\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u83b7\u5f97\u7ecf\u8425\u8bb8\u53ef\u524d\u7684\u56db\u5927\u4e1a\u52a1\u5206\u6790\u5176\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u903b\u8f91, \u4ee5\u63a2\u7d22\u5176\u5728\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u521b\u4e1a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u56db\u5927\u4e1a\u52a1\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6218\u7565\u63d0\u70bc\u5982\u88681\u6240\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a>\u4e0b\u8f7d\u539f\u8868<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u88681 \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u521b\u4e1a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u6218\u7565\u884c\u4e3a\u63d0\u70bc<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/KXReader\/Detail\/GetImg?filename=images\/GGYY201703011_39000.jpg&amp;uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1Fhb09jMjQydEc3WDUvMUxvRGpsK1VGK3FUQ0RZYz0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!\" alt=\"\u88681 \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u521b\u4e1a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u6218\u7565\u884c\u4e3a\u63d0\u70bc\" width=\"588\" height=\"336\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u88681 \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u521b\u4e1a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u6218\u7565\u884c\u4e3a\u63d0\u70bc<\/p>\n<p>\u56db\u3001\u6848\u4f8b\u5206\u6790<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u7cfb\u7edf\u68b3\u7406\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u5728\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9, \u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u8bba\u6027\u6846\u67b6\u5982\u56fe3\u6240\u793a\u3002 (1) \u4e0e\u4ee5\u5f80\u5f3a\u8c03\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u4e0d\u540c, \u201c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51+\u201d\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u884c\u4e3a\u9700\u5f15\u5165\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u5982\u4e0b\u4e24\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62:\u4e00\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u8fdd\u80cc\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u9009\u62e9\u884c\u4e3a, \u5982\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u4e0e\u7f51\u7ea6\u8f66\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a (\u5feb\u7684\u6253\u8f66\u3001\u6447\u6447\u62db\u8f66\u7b49) \u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u81f4, \u5148\u8fdb\u5165\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u800c\u975e\u5e02\u573a\u9700\u8981\u548c\u6536\u76ca\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5feb\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1;\u4e8c\u662f\u867d\u7136\u957f\u671f\u770b\u4e0d\u8fdd\u80cc\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236, \u4f46\u77ed\u671f\u770b\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u7531\u5f3a\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u6240\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u884c\u4e3a, \u5982\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u5927\u91cf\u91c7\u7528\u201c\u70e7\u94b1\u6218\u7565\u201d\u867d\u7136\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8fdd\u80cc\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236 (\u5e73\u53f0\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u8865\u8d34\u7b56\u7565) , \u4f46\u66f4\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u6301\u7eed\u201c\u70e7\u94b1\u201d, \u63a8\u52a8\u89c4\u8303\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5 (\u4e60\u60ef) \u53d8\u9769\u3002 (2) \u672c\u7814\u7a76\u56f4\u7ed5\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u521b\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u201c\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u201d\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5f00\u5c55\u5206\u6790, \u524d\u8005\u63a2\u8ba8\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e1a\u52a1\u9009\u62e9, \u540e\u8005\u662f\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e1a\u52a1\u9009\u62e9\u540e\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u53d1\u5c55\u6218\u7565\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u8868\u660e, \u5f53\u9762\u5bf9\u5f3a\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b, \u4f01\u4e1a\u4f1a\u4f9d\u7167\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236, \u9009\u62e9\u8fdb\u5165\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u548c\u987a\u98ce\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1;\u5f53\u9762\u5bf9\u5f31\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b, \u4f01\u4e1a\u4f1a\u4f9d\u7167\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236, \u9009\u62e9\u8fdb\u5165\u4e13\u8f66\u548c\u5feb\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u3002\u5728\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0a\u7684\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53d7\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u4e1a\u52a1\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u5f71\u54cd, \u8fd8\u53d7\u5230\u8be5\u4e1a\u52a1\u8282\u70b9\u4e0a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u573a\u57df\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6027\u4e24\u4e2a\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u8c03\u8282\u3002 (3) \u7efc\u5408\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5206\u6790\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u5728\u4e1a\u52a1\u9009\u62e9\u5c42\u9762 (\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6) , \u4f9d\u7167\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u548c\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u662f\u95f4\u65ad\u5e73\u8861 (Punctuated Equilibrium) \u7684\u5173\u7cfb;\u5728\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u5c42\u9762 (\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6) , \u5d4c\u5165\u6218\u7565\u548c\u80fd\u52a8\u6218\u7565\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u79bb (Structured Separation) , \u4ee5\u6b64\u5e94\u5bf9\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u7ea6\u675f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1.\u201c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51+\u201d\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u903b\u8f91:\u6548\u7387\u548c\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u7684\u6574\u5408<\/p>\n<p>\u7ed3\u5408Scott and Meyer (1994) \u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u5206\u7c7b, \u672c\u6587\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u540c\u6837\u9762\u5bf9\u4e09\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u3002\u5176\u4e2d, \u89c4\u5236\u538b\u529b\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u884c\u4e1a\u65e2\u6709\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a;\u89c4\u8303\u538b\u529b\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5bf9\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u884c\u4e1a\u53ca\u7f51\u7ea6\u8f66\u884c\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7ea6\u5b9a\u4fd7\u6210\u7684\u51c6\u5219;\u8ba4\u77e5\u538b\u529b\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u4f01\u4e1a\u548c\u7f51\u7ea6\u8f66\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u4e0e\u4ee5\u5f80\u57fa\u4e8e\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u4e0d\u540c, \u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u80fd\u5426\u83b7\u5f97\u201c\u751f\u5b58\u673a\u4f1a\u201d\u662f\u9996\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6b64\u65f6, 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src=\"http:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/KXReader\/Detail\/GetImg?filename=images\/GGYY201703011_39500.jpg&amp;uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1Fhb09jMjQydEc3WDUvMUxvRGpsK1VGK3FUQ0RZYz0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!\" alt=\"\u56fe3 \u6848\u4f8b\u5206\u6790\u7ed3\u679c\" width=\"613\" height=\"497\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u56fe3 \u6848\u4f8b\u5206\u6790\u7ed3\u679c<\/p>\n<p>\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90:\u4f5c\u8005\u6839\u636e\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u7ed8\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u7f51\u7ea6\u8f66\u5e73\u53f0\u4f01\u4e1a\u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a, \u5bf9\u5176\u4e1a\u52a1\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u884c\u4e3a\u89e3\u91ca\u5728\u4ee5\u5f80\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a, \u66f4\u9700\u5f15\u5165\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u3002\u4e00\u662f\u5728\u4e1a\u52a1\u9009\u62e9\u4e0a, 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src=\"http:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/KXReader\/Detail\/GetImg?filename=images\/GGYY201703011_40300.jpg&amp;uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1Fhb09jMjQydEc3WDUvMUxvRGpsK1VGK3FUQ0RZYz0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!\" alt=\"\u88682 \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u9009\u62e9\u6218\u7565\u5206\u6790\" width=\"582\" height=\"398\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u88682 \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u9009\u62e9\u6218\u7565\u5206\u6790<\/p>\n<p>\u547d\u98982:\u4e1a\u52a1\u9009\u62e9\u4e0a, \u5f53\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u8f83\u5f3a\u65f6, \u4f01\u4e1a\u4e3a\u83b7\u53d6\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4f9d\u7167\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236, \u9009\u62e9\u8fdb\u5165\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u8f83\u5f31\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1 (\u5982\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u548c\u987a\u98ce\u8f66) ;\u5f53\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u8f83\u5f31\u65f6, 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src=\"http:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/KXReader\/Detail\/GetImg?filename=images\/GGYY201703011_40900.jpg&amp;uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1Fhb09jMjQydEc3WDUvMUxvRGpsK1VGK3FUQ0RZYz0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!\" alt=\"\u88683 \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u6218\u7565\u5206\u6790\" width=\"584\" height=\"187\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u88683 \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u6218\u7565\u5206\u6790<\/p>\n<p>(2) \u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0e\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u6096\u8bba:\u60c5\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u5f15\u5165\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4e1a\u52a1\u5355\u5143\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u6218\u7565\u5206\u6790, \u672c\u6587\u53d1\u73b0\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u5bf9\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u53d7\u5230\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u548c\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u5f71\u54cd, \u5e76\u4e14\u53d7\u5230\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u8c03\u8282\u3002\u6b64\u65f6, 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\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u5c42\u9762\u4e0d\u540c\u4e1a\u52a1\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ea7\u751f\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u4e1a\u52a1\u5355\u5143\u9762\u4e34\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883, \u9700\u8981\u5f15\u5165\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u6839\u636e\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u6848\u4f8b\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u80cc\u666f\u548c\u610f\u4e49, \u5bf9\u5f71\u54cd\u4f01\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u8fdb\u884c\u6df1\u5165\u5206\u6790, \u7efc\u5408\u8003\u91cf\u5176\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u6743\u53d8\u73af\u5883\u8981\u7d20, \u672c\u6587\u5f15\u5165\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u80fd\u529b (Entrepreneurial Institutional Competencies) \u548c\u573a\u57df\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6027 (Field Centrality) \u4e24\u4e2a\u60c5\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u5bf9\u4f01\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u884c\u4e3a\u9009\u62e9\u5177\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd, \u5bf9\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u6765\u8bf4, \u5e94\u66f4\u6ce8\u91cd\u5904\u7406\u4f01\u4e1a\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u4f17\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u80fd\u529b (\u9879\u56fd\u9e4f\u7b49, 2009) \u3002\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u6307\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u901a\u8fc7\u5236\u5ea6\u521b\u65b0, \u7a81\u7834\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u7ea6\u675f\u548c\u5185\u90e8\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u7ea6\u675f, \u4fc3\u8fdb\u4f01\u4e1a\u6210\u957f\u7684\u80fd\u529b (Li and Jiang, 2006) \u3002\u573a\u57df\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6027\u501f\u9274\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5185\u6db5, \u5c06\u5176\u754c\u5b9a\u4e3a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u573a\u57df\u4e2d\u5904\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6, \u5373\u5176\u5728\u573a\u57df\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4f4d\u7f6e, \u662f\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u573a\u57df\u4e2d\u662f\u5426\u91cd\u8981\u3001\u8861\u91cf\u5176\u5730\u4f4d\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u4f18\u8d8a\u6027\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u6307\u6807 (\u94b1\u9521\u7ea2\u7b49, 2010) \u3002\u4e24\u4e2a\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u4e2d, \u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u56e0\u7d20, \u573a\u57df\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6027\u662f\u7f51\u7edc\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u6839\u636e\u6848\u4f8b\u8fdb\u884c\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u63d0\u70bc (\u5982\u88684) , \u53d1\u73b0\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u4e0a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u573a\u57df\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6027\u8f83\u5f31, \u4f46\u968f\u7740\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7d2f\u79ef\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\u89c4\u6a21\u589e\u5927, \u4e24\u4e2a\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u6c34\u5e73\u9010\u6e10\u5f97\u5230\u63d0\u5347\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a>\u4e0b\u8f7d\u539f\u8868<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u88684 \u5f71\u54cd\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/KXReader\/Detail\/GetImg?filename=images\/GGYY201703011_41200.jpg&amp;uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1Fhb09jMjQydEc3WDUvMUxvRGpsK1VGK3FUQ0RZYz0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!\" alt=\"\u88684 \u5f71\u54cd\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\" width=\"607\" height=\"376\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u88684 \u5f71\u54cd\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20<\/p>\n<p>\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4, (1) \u5bf9\u6bd4\u5728\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u548c\u987a\u98ce\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u4e0a\u7684\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9, \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u5728\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u548c\u987a\u98ce\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u4e0a\u90fd\u9762\u5bf9\u5f31\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b, \u4f46\u662f\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u4e1a\u52a1\u4e0a\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6218\u7565\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u9762\u5bf9\u5f31\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b, \u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u4e0a\u4ecd\u7136\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u5d4c\u5165\u6218\u7565\u3002\u5176\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u8fdb\u5165\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u65f6\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u80fd\u529b\u6c34\u5e73\u4f4e, \u4e14\u573a\u57df\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6027\u6c34\u5e73\u4f4e:\u4e00\u65b9\u9762, \u4f5c\u4e3a\u65b0\u521b\u4f01\u4e1a, \u4f01\u4e1a\u4ecd\u662f\u201c\u5c0f\u6253\u5c0f\u95f9\u201d\u72b6\u6001, \u7f3a\u4e4f\u5904\u7406\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u5b66\u4e60\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u521d\u521b\u56e2\u961f\u4f9d\u9760\u5730\u63a8\u6a21\u5f0f\u63a8\u5e7f\u4e1a\u52a1, 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\u6839\u636e\u73af\u5883\u53cd\u9988\u5f97\u77e5\u4f01\u4e1a\u9762\u4e34\u53d1\u5c55\u5371\u673a\u3002\u4e3a\u5e94\u5bf9\u4f01\u4e1a\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b, \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u63a8\u51fa\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u8f83\u5f31\u7684\u987a\u98ce\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1, \u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u903b\u8f91\u4ece\u4f9d\u7167\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u9009\u62e9\u5411\u4f9d\u7167\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u9009\u62e9\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a>\u4e0b\u8f7d\u539f\u56fe<\/a><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/KXReader\/Detail\/GetImg?filename=images\/GGYY201703011_41900.jpg&amp;uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1Fhb09jMjQydEc3WDUvMUxvRGpsK1VGK3FUQ0RZYz0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!\" alt=\"\u56fe4 \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u4f9d\u7167\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u548c\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u9009\u62e9\u5728\u4e1a\u52a1\u9009\u62e9\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u95f4\u65ad\u5e73\u8861\u793a\u610f\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u56fe4 \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u4f9d\u7167\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u548c\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u9009\u62e9\u5728\u4e1a\u52a1\u9009\u62e9\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u95f4\u65ad\u5e73\u8861\u793a\u610f<\/p>\n<p>\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90:\u4f5c\u8005\u6839\u636e\u7814\u7a76\u5185\u5bb9\u7ed8\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(2) \u7a7a\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5d4c\u5165\u6218\u7565\u4e0e\u80fd\u52a8\u6218\u7565\u7684\u5173\u7cfb:\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u79bb\u3002\u4ece\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5206\u6790, \u5d4c\u5165\u6218\u7565\u548c\u80fd\u52a8\u6218\u7565\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u79bb\u3002\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u79bb\u662f\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e3a\u5e94\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b, \u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u5355\u5143\u5185, \u57fa\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u903b\u8f91\u91c7\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6218\u7565\u884c\u4e3a, \u5373\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6a21\u5757\u4e2d, \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u5206\u522b\u91c7\u7528\u5d4c\u5165\u548c\u80fd\u52a8\u6218\u7565, \u4e24\u8005\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u79bb\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4, \u5728\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u548c\u4e13\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u4e0a, \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u5206\u522b\u9762\u5bf9\u5f31\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u548c\u5f3a\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b, \u91c7\u53d6\u5d4c\u5165\u6218\u7565, \u5305\u62ec\u4f9d\u4ece\u548c\u9009\u62e9\u7b56\u7565;\u5728\u5feb\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u548c\u987a\u98ce\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u4e0a, \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u5206\u522b\u9762\u5bf9\u5f3a\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u548c\u5f31\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b, \u91c7\u53d6\u80fd\u52a8\u6218\u7565, \u5305\u62ec\u64cd\u7eb5\u548c\u521b\u9020\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u4ece\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa, \u5e94\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u65f6, \u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5355\u5143\u6a21\u5757\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u3002\u5d4c\u5165\u548c\u80fd\u52a8\u6218\u7565\u4e24\u8005\u5206\u5e03\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5355\u5143\u5185, \u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5206\u79bb (\u5982\u56fe5\u6240\u793a) \u3002\u4ece\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6 (\u7eb5\u5411) \u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6 (\u6a2a\u5411) \u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u7684\u601d\u8def, \u7b26\u5408\u4f01\u4e1a\u53d1\u751f\u76ee\u6807\u51b2\u7a81\u65f6\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u89e3\u51b3\u903b\u8f91 (Levinthal, 2012) , \u4e00\u662f\u6839\u636e\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u53d8\u6362\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u6218\u7565\u8c03\u6574;\u4e8c\u662f\u6839\u636e\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u6a21\u5757\u91c7\u53d6\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6218\u7565, \u8fdb\u884c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0a\u7684\u8c03\u6574\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5728\u660e\u6670\u4e1a\u52a1\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u5185\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6, \u57fa\u4e8e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e24\u79cd\u6a2a\u5411\u548c\u7eb5\u5411\u7684\u601d\u8def, \u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba, \u63d0\u51fa:<\/p>\n<p><a>\u4e0b\u8f7d\u539f\u56fe<\/a><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/KXReader\/Detail\/GetImg?filename=images\/GGYY201703011_44100.jpg&amp;uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1Fhb09jMjQydEc3WDUvMUxvRGpsK1VGK3FUQ0RZYz0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!\" alt=\"\u56fe5 \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u5d4c\u5165\u548c\u80fd\u52a8\u6218\u7565\u5728\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u79bb\u793a\u610f\" width=\"611\" height=\"362\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u56fe5 \u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u5d4c\u5165\u548c\u80fd\u52a8\u6218\u7565\u5728\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u79bb\u793a\u610f<\/p>\n<p>\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90:\u4f5c\u8005\u6839\u636e\u7814\u7a76\u5185\u5bb9\u7ed8\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u547d\u98984:\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u9009\u62e9\u5f80\u5f80\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u95f4\u65ad\u5e73\u8861\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e94\u3001\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e0e\u542f\u793a<\/p>\n<p>1. \u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u8bba<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u201c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51+\u201d\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u53ca\u5176\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u95ee\u9898, \u9009\u53d6\u201c\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u201d\u5f00\u5c55\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u68b3\u7406\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u521b\u4e1a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5728\u4e1a\u52a1\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0a\u6240\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6218\u7565, \u5c1d\u8bd5\u53d1\u73b0\u51b3\u5b9a\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5185\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u548c\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u8bba\u5982\u4e0b: (1) \u201c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51+\u201d\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u9762\u5bf9\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u884c\u4e3a\u5206\u6790, \u9700\u91cd\u89c6\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u672c\u6587\u8ba4\u4e3a, \u5bf9\u4e8e\u521d\u521b\u4f01\u4e1a\u6765\u8bf4, \u201c\u751f\u5b58\u201d\u538b\u529b\u5927\u4e8e\u201c\u76c8\u5229\u201d\u8bc9\u6c42, \u867d\u7136\u4e8c\u8005\u5728\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u77db\u76fe, \u4f46\u5728\u77ed\u671f\u6216\u7279\u5b9a\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b, \u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u538b\u529b\u53ef\u80fd\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4f01\u4e1a\u505a\u51fa\u727a\u7272\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9, \u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u5236\u5ea6\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002 (2) \u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u201c\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d (\u4e1a\u52a1\u9009\u62e9) \u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4f01\u4e1a\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u6c34\u5e73, \u5b58\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u903b\u8f91\u3002\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u53d7\u5230\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u5f3a\u5f31\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd, \u5f53\u4f01\u4e1a\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u8f83\u5f3a\u65f6, \u4f01\u4e1a\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4ece\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u9009\u62e9\u4e1a\u52a1;\u5f53\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u8f83\u5f31\u65f6, \u4f01\u4e1a\u5219\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4ece\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u9009\u62e9\u4e1a\u52a1\u3002 (3) \u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u201c\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u201d (\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55) \u53d7\u5230\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u573a\u57df\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6027\u4e24\u4e2a\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5f53\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u573a\u57df\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6027\u6c34\u5e73\u8f83\u9ad8\u65f6, \u5373\u4fbf\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u5f3a, \u4f01\u4e1a\u4ecd\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u80fd\u52a8\u6218\u7565, \u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002 (4) \u4f9d\u7167\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u9009\u62e9\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u95f4\u65ad\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u5173\u7cfb, \u5d4c\u5165\u6218\u7565\u548c\u80fd\u52a8\u6218\u7565\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e24\u8005\u673a\u5236\u53ca\u6218\u7565\u7684\u76f8\u673a\u9009\u62e9\u662f\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u7ee9\u6548\u63d0\u5347\u7684\u6839\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7406\u8bba\u8d21\u732e: (1) \u4e3a\u201c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51+\u201d\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u884c\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u89c6\u89d2\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762, \u7ecf\u5178\u521b\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u8981\u57fa\u4e8e\u6548\u7387\u903b\u8f91, \u8ba4\u4e3a\u521b\u4e1a\u662f\u4f01\u4e1a\u6295\u5165\u4ea7\u51fa\u7684\u521b\u9020\u8fc7\u7a0b (Morris et al., 1994) , \u5e76\u4e0d\u5173\u6ce8\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u5728\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528;\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762, \u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u89c6\u89d2\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u521b\u4e1a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u524d\u671f\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u53d7\u7406\u6027\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u7684\u5f71\u54cd, \u540e\u671f\u5219\u4f1a\u7531\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u4e3b\u5bfc (Palmer et al., 1993) \u3002\u672c\u6587\u53d1\u73b0\u5728\u5f3a\u5236\u5ea6\u7ea6\u675f\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a, \u5728\u521b\u4e1a\u521d\u671f\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u95ee\u9898, \u5b58\u5728\u8fdd\u80cc\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u800c\u7b26\u5408\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u7684\u6218\u7565\u884c\u52a8, \u5bf9\u4e8e\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u548c\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u4f5c\u7528\u3002 (2) \u5206\u6790\u5d4c\u5165\u6218\u7565\u548c\u80fd\u52a8\u6218\u7565, \u4e3a\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0e\u4f01\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6784\u5efa\u8d77\u66f4\u4e3a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u6846\u67b6, \u5e76\u63a2\u7d22\u6027\u63d0\u51fa\u4e8c\u8005\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u5173\u8054\u3002Zimmerman and Zeitz (2002) \u5728\u5236\u5ea6\u521b\u4e1a\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4f01\u4e1a\u63d0\u5347\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u56db\u5927\u6218\u7565 (\u4f9d\u4ece\u3001\u9009\u62e9\u3001\u64cd\u7eb5\u548c\u521b\u9020) , \u4f46\u672a\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u7a76\u6218\u7565\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u903b\u8f91\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u5206\u6790, \u672c\u6587\u53d1\u73b0\u56db\u79cd\u6218\u7565\u7684\u80cc\u540e\u5176\u5b9e\u6697\u542b\u201c\u88ab\u52a8\u5d4c\u5165\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4e3b\u52a8\u5e94\u5bf9\u201d\u4e24\u79cd\u903b\u8f91, \u5728\u5206\u6790\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u884c\u4e3a\u65f6\u4e24\u79cd\u903b\u8f91\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728, \u9700\u8981\u7ed3\u5408\u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u548c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d, \u907f\u514d\u6709\u7ed3\u6784\u800c\u65e0\u80fd\u52a8\u6216\u6709\u80fd\u52a8\u800c\u65e0\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d, \u5d4c\u5165\u6218\u7565\u548c\u80fd\u52a8\u6218\u7565\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5f20\u529b\u9009\u62e9, \u5e76\u975e\u5f7c\u6b64\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u672c\u6587\u53d1\u73b0\u4e24\u8005\u5b58\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4ece\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b, \u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u5177\u4f53\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5e94\u5bf9\u7b56\u7565\u3002 (3) \u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0e\u521b\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6096\u8bba, \u5373\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0e\u5d4c\u5165\u548c\u80fd\u52a8\u6218\u7565\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u5e76\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u5e94, \u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u60c5\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4ee5\u5f80\u7814\u7a76\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u5bf9\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5f71\u54cd, \u8003\u5bdf\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0e\u4f01\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u884c\u4e3a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u5173\u7cfb, \u672c\u6587\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e76\u975e\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u5bf9\u5e94 (\u4f8b\u5982\u4e13\u8f66\u548c\u5feb\u8f66\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u6c34\u5e73\u63a5\u8fd1, \u4f46\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u6218\u7565\u5374\u4e0d\u540c) \u3002\u672c\u6587\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0, \u8fd9\u4e00\u6096\u8bba\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u4e0a\u52a0\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca, \u4ece\u800c\u6781\u5927\u62d3\u5c55\u4e86\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0e\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2. \u7ba1\u7406\u542f\u793a<\/p>\n<p>(1) \u5f3a\u5236\u5ea6\u7ea6\u675f\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u9700\u6448\u5f03\u201c\u552f\u6548\u76ca\u8bba\u201d, \u83b7\u53d6\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5bf9\u4f01\u4e1a\u751f\u5b58\u548c\u6210\u957f\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u884c\u4e1a\u878d\u5408\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b, \u8fb9\u754c\u9886\u57df\u521b\u4e1a\u884c\u4e3a\u76f8\u6bd4\u4f20\u7edf\u521b\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u9762\u5bf9\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd, \u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u9075\u5faa\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236, \u800c\u5e94\u8be5\u5173\u6ce8\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5bf9\u4f01\u4e1a\u751f\u5b58\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002 (1) 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\u4f01\u4e1a\u5e94\u6ce8\u91cd\u4e24\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528, \u4e00\u662f\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u4e3a\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5236\u5ea6\u4fdd\u969c, \u83b7\u5f97\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u884c\u4e1a\u3001\u516c\u4f17\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b, \u4f01\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u66f4\u4e3a\u7a33\u5b9a;\u4e8c\u662f\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236, \u4f01\u4e1a\u9ad8\u7ee9\u6548\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027, \u4fc3\u4f7f\u5176\u4ed6\u4f01\u4e1a\u6a21\u4eff, \u4f01\u4e1a\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5730\u4f4d\u66f4\u5de9\u56fa\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(2) \u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u9700\u4f9d\u9760\u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u201d\u548c\u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d\u53cc\u8f6e\u9a71\u52a8, \u4e3b\u5bfc\u4e1a\u52a1\u6218\u7565\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u9700\u89c6\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u573a\u57df\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6027\u800c\u5b9a\u3002 (1) \u4f01\u4e1a\u9700\u628a\u63e1\u597d\u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u201d\u548c\u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d\u5185\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u5dee\u5f02, \u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00, \u5f53\u4f01\u4e1a\u9762\u5bf9\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u8f83\u5f3a\u65f6, \u5e94\u6839\u636e\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u8fdb\u884c\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6b64\u65f6\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u6765\u6e90\u9020\u6210\u4f01\u4e1a\u9762\u5bf9\u591a\u91cd\u5236\u5ea6\u903b\u8f91\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u96be\u9898, \u4f46\u4f01\u4e1a\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u884c\u4e3a\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u5f62\u6210\u51b2\u51fb, \u987a\u7740\u539f\u6709\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5373\u80fd\u83b7\u53d6\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002\u5f53\u4f01\u4e1a\u9762\u5bf9\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u8f83\u5f31\u65f6, \u5e94\u6839\u636e\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u8fdb\u884c\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u65f6, \u4f01\u4e1a\u4e3a\u83b7\u53d6\u751f\u5b58\u673a\u4f1a, \u5fc5\u987b\u4e3b\u52a8\u5bfb\u627e\u548c\u6784\u5efa\u5236\u5ea6\u7a81\u7834\u7684\u673a\u4f1a, \u7a81\u7834\u73af\u5883\u7684\u7981\u9522\u3002 (2) \u201c\u53cc\u8f6e\u9a71\u52a8\u201d\u8981\u6c42\u4f01\u4e1a\u5fc5\u987b\u5e73\u8861\u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u201d\u548c\u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb, \u53ea\u91c7\u7528\u5d4c\u5165\u903b\u8f91, \u4f01\u4e1a\u4f1a\u6df1\u9677\u5728\u5236\u5ea6\u6ce5\u6dd6\u4e2d, \u4e0d\u65ad\u88ab\u540c\u8d28\u5316, \u5931\u53bb\u7ade\u4e89\u4f18\u52bf;\u53ea\u91c7\u7528\u80fd\u52a8\u903b\u8f91, \u4f01\u4e1a\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u51b2\u950b\u9677\u9635\u7684\u201c\u6562\u6b7b\u961f\u201d, \u4e5f\u5f88\u96be\u5728\u5f3a\u5236\u5ea6\u7ea6\u675f\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002\u76f8\u673a\u800c\u52a8\u7684\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u662f\u5173\u952e, \u8fd9\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\u9700\u89c6\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u800c\u7075\u6d3b\u53d8\u52a8\u3002 (3) \u6218\u7565\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u9009\u62e9\u8fd8\u9700\u8003\u8651\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u573a\u57df\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6027\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u800c\u8a00, \u5728\u660e\u6670\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u65f6, \u4f01\u4e1a\u8981\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8861\u91cf\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20, \u5bf9\u4e1a\u52a1\u5355\u5143\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u80fd\u529b\u53ca\u4e1a\u52a1\u5728\u573a\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6709\u8f83\u4e3a\u7cbe\u51c6\u7684\u5224\u65ad, \u5f53\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u573a\u57df\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6027\u6c34\u5e73\u8f83\u9ad8\u65f6, \u4e1a\u52a1\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed3\u5408\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u6c34\u5e73\u8003\u8651\u9009\u62e9\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e3b\u52a8\u7684\u80fd\u52a8\u6218\u7565;\u5f53\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u573a\u57df\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6027\u6c34\u5e73\u8f83\u4f4e\u65f6, \u5e94\u8003\u8651\u9009\u62e9\u66f4\u4e3a\u88ab\u52a8\u7684\u5d4c\u5165\u6218\u7565\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(3) \u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u573a\u57df\u5185\u7684\u521b\u4e1a, \u6574\u4f53\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e09\u6b65\u8d70\u3002\u91c7\u53d6\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u79bb\u548c\u95f4\u65ad\u5e73\u8861\u7b56\u7565\u5e94\u5bf9\u201c\u5d4c\u5165\u201d\u548c\u201c\u80fd\u52a8\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f20\u529b\u3002 (1) \u5224\u65ad\u4f01\u4e1a\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u538b\u529b\u6c34\u5e73 (\u5305\u62ec\u4f01\u4e1a\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u548c\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b) \u3002\u4f01\u4e1a\u6240\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u9009\u62e9, \u56e0\u800c\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u521b\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u6c34\u5e73\u505a\u51fa\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u5728\u5224\u65ad\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u538b\u529b\u6c34\u5e73\u65f6, \u4e0d\u4f46\u8981\u660e\u786e\u4f01\u4e1a\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b, \u8fd8\u8981\u660e\u786e\u5177\u4f53\u4e1a\u52a1\u5355\u5143\u6240\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u3002 (2) \u5728\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0a\u91c7\u53d6\u5dee\u5f02\u5316\u7684\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9 (\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u79bb) \u3002\u6839\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u4e1a\u52a1\u5355\u5143\u7684\u7279\u5f81, \u8bc6\u522b\u4e1a\u52a1\u5355\u5143\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b, \u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u4e1a\u52a1\u5355\u5143\u4e2d\u91c7\u53d6\u5d4c\u5165\u6216\u80fd\u52a8\u6218\u7565, \u8fd9\u8981\u6c42\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec6\u5206\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u654f\u611f\u6027\u548c\u7cbe\u51c6\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u3002\u6b64\u5916, \u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u5dee\u5f02\u5316\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u4e0a\u4ecd\u9700\u8003\u8651\u4e0d\u540c\u4e1a\u52a1\u5355\u5143\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u573a\u57df\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6027\u6c34\u5e73, \u5728\u4e24\u8005\u6c34\u5e73\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u6a21\u5757, \u4f01\u4e1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u79ef\u6781\u4e3b\u52a8\u5730\u5e94\u5bf9\u4e1a\u52a1\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b, \u91c7\u53d6\u80fd\u52a8\u6218\u7565\u3002 (3) \u5728\u4e1a\u52a1\u63a8\u8fdb\u4e2d\u5206\u9636\u6bb5\u8fdb\u884c\u6218\u7565\u8c03\u6574 (\u95f4\u65ad\u5e73\u8861) \u3002\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u800c\u53d8\u5316, \u9700\u5e94\u5bf9\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u663e\u8457\u5dee\u5f02, \u4e3a\u6b64\u4f01\u4e1a\u8981\u4ece\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5bf9\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u9009\u62e9 (\u5373\u4f9d\u7167\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u548c\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u9009\u62e9) \u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u6574\u3002\u6839\u636e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u6c34\u5e73, \u5206\u522b\u4f9d\u7167\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u548c\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236, \u5f62\u6210\u95f4\u65ad\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u5468\u671f\u6027\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>3. \u7814\u7a76\u5c55\u671b<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u7814\u7a76\u5b58\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e0d\u8db3, \u6709\u5f85\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u548c\u5256\u6790\u3002 (1) \u7814\u7a76\u6837\u672c\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u3002\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u4ecd\u5904\u4e8e\u521b\u4e1a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d, \u53d7\u5230\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u7b56\u5f71\u54cd\u8f83\u5927, \u672c\u6587\u7814\u7a76\u5e76\u672a\u6db5\u76d6\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5206\u6790\u4e3a\u63d0\u9ad8\u6837\u672c\u6570\u636e\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u6027, \u9009\u53d6\u4e86\u6ef4\u6ef4\u51fa\u884c\u4ece\u521d\u521b\u5230\u63a8\u51fa\u987a\u98ce\u8f66\u4e1a\u52a1\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u8de8\u5ea6\u5185\u7684\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7814\u7a76, \u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u62d3\u5c55\u6848\u4f8b\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8de8\u5ea6, \u5c06\u4f01\u4e1a\u540e\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55 (\u5982\u6700\u65b0\u653f\u7b56\u89c4\u5236\u7684\u51fa\u53f0) \u7b49\u7eb3\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u8303\u7574, \u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u6269\u5927\u6837\u672c, \u5f00\u5c55\u591a\u6848\u4f8b\u5206\u6790\u4e43\u81f3\u5927\u6837\u672c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76, \u4ee5\u68c0\u9a8c\u672c\u6587\u7ed3\u8bba\u6027\u547d\u9898\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u6548\u5ea6\u3002 (2) \u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u4e0e\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u63a2\u8ba8\u3002\u672c\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51+\u201d\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u9762\u5bf9\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u9700\u8981\u540c\u65f6\u8003\u8651\u6548\u7387\u673a\u5236\u548c\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236, \u4f46\u5bf9\u4e24\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u9002\u7528\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5c1a\u4e0d\u591f\u5145\u5206\u3002\u540e\u7eed\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e24\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e0a\u5f00\u5c55\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u63a2\u8ba8, \u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4f01\u4e1a\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u89e3\u6784, \u660e\u6670\u673a\u5236\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u673a\u7406\u4ee5\u53ca\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u8fb9\u754c\u3002 (3) \u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0e\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u4e1a\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u6096\u8bba\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0e\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e1a\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u7b56\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6096\u8bba, \u672c\u6587\u901a\u8fc7\u5f15\u5165\u60c5\u5883\u53d8\u91cf, \u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u76f8\u5e94\u9610\u91ca\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u6096\u8bba\u89e3\u91ca, \u672a\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u4ee5\u6cbf\u6b64\u601d\u8def\u8003\u5bdf\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u8c03\u8282\u3002\u6b64\u5916, \u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u4e88\u4ee5\u63a2\u7d22:\u4e00\u662f\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8003\u5bdf\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u4e0e\u7b56\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u5173\u7cfb, \u5982\u4e2d\u95f4\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u66f4\u9002\u5408\u80fd\u52a8\u6218\u7565;\u4e8c\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u6765\u6e90\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u5dee\u5f02 (\u89c4\u5236\u3001\u89c4\u8303\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5) , \u5206\u6790\u4e0d\u540c\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u6765\u6e90\u53ca\u5176\u5f3a\u5ea6\u5bf9\u7b56\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u5316\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/p>\n<p><a>[1]\u66fe\u695a\u5b8f, \u6731\u4ec1\u5b8f, \u674e\u5b54\u5cb3.\u57fa\u4e8e\u6218\u7565\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7814\u7a76[J].\u5916\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406, 2008, (2) :9-15.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a>[2]\u9648\u7acb\u654f, \u5218\u9759\u96c5, \u5f20\u4e16\u857e.\u6a21\u4eff\u540c\u6784\u5bf9\u4f01\u4e1a\u56fd\u9645\u5316\u2014\u7ee9\u6548\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u2014\u2014\u2014\u57fa\u4e8e\u5236\u5ea6\u7406\u8bba\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76[J].\u4e2d\u56fd\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ecf\u6d4e, 2016, (9) :127-143.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a>[3]\u9648\u94b0\u82ac, \u9648\u52b2.\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u521b\u65b0:\u673a\u7406\u4e0e\u6a21\u5f0f[M].\u5317\u4eac:\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e, 2008.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a>[4]\u90ed\u6bc5, \u65bc\u56fd\u5f3a.\u5bfb\u6c42\u4f01\u4e1a\u6301\u7eed\u7ade\u4e89\u4f18\u52bf\u7684\u6e90\u6cc9\u2014\u2014\u2014\u7ec4\u7ec7\u573a\u57df\u89c2\u4e0b\u7684\u6218\u7565\u51b3\u7b56\u5206\u6790[J].\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u62a5, 2005, (6) :696-705.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a>[5]\u6797\u6da6\u8f89, \u8c22\u5b97\u6653, \u738b\u5174\u8d77, \u9b4f\u519b.\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u529b\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u5b89\u5168\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u4e0e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ee9\u6548\u2014\u2014\u2014\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76[J].\u7ba1\u7406\u4e16\u754c, 2016, (2) :112-127.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a>[6]\u94b1\u9521\u7ea2, \u5f90\u4e07\u91cc, \u6768\u6c38\u798f.\u4f01\u4e1a\u7f51\u7edc\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001\u95f4\u63a5\u8054\u7cfb\u4e0e\u521b\u65b0\u7ee9\u6548[J].\u4e2d\u56fd\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ecf\u6d4e, 2010, (2) :78-88.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a>[7]\u65bd\u4e3d\u82b3, \u5ed6\u98de, \u4e01\u5fb7\u660e.\u5236\u5ea6\u5bf9\u521b\u4e1a\u5bb6\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u673a\u7406\u2014\u2014\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u89c6\u89d2[J].\u4e2d\u56fd\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ecf\u6d4e, 2014, (12) :118-129.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a>[8]\u65af\u6653\u592b, \u738b\u9882, \u5085\u9896.\u521b\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\u4ece\u4f55\u800c\u6765:\u53d1\u73b0, \u6784\u5efa\u8fd8\u662f\u53d1\u73b0+\u6784\u5efa?\u2014\u2014\u521b\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u524d\u6cbf\u7814\u7a76[J].\u7ba1\u7406\u4e16\u754c, 2016, (3) :115-127.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a>[9]\u6b66\u7acb\u4e1c, \u738b\u51ef, \u9ec4\u6d77\u6615.\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5916\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8ff0\u8bc4[J].\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u62a5, 2012, (11) :1712-1717.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a>[10]\u9879\u56fd\u9e4f, \u8fdf\u8003\u52cb, \u738b\u7490.\u8f6c\u578b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u6c11\u8425\u4f01\u4e1a\u5236\u5ea6\u521b\u4e1a\u6280\u80fd\u5bf9\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u83b7\u53d6\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u673a\u5236\u2014\u2014\u6625\u79cb\u822a\u7a7a\u3001\u5b9d\u9e21\u4e13\u6c7d\u53ca\u53f0\u5dde\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76[J].\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u7ba1\u7406, 2011, (5) :71-78.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a>[11]\u9879\u56fd\u9e4f, \u674e\u6b66\u6770, \u8096\u5efa\u5fe0.\u8f6c\u578b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u80fd\u529b:\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u53ca\u5176\u542f\u793a[J].\u7ba1\u7406\u4e16\u754c, 2009, (11) :103-114.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a>[12]\u6768\u8d85, \u5371\u6000\u5b89.\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6f14\u5316\u95f4\u65ad\u5e73\u8861\u89c4\u5f8b\u7814\u7a76\u8ff0\u8bc4\u4e0e\u5c55\u671b[J].\u5916\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406, 2016, (4) :36-48.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a>[13]\u5c39\u73cf\u6797, 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