{"id":9295,"date":"2017-08-23T15:25:00","date_gmt":"2017-08-23T07:25:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/?p=7409"},"modified":"2022-07-12T13:34:09","modified_gmt":"2022-07-12T05:34:09","slug":"%e4%ba%92%e8%81%94%e7%bd%91%e6%97%b6%e4%bb%a3%e7%9a%84%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a%e6%b2%bb%e7%90%86-%e4%bb%a5%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e7%90%86%e8%ae%ba%e4%b8%ba%e5%88%86%e6%9e%90","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/?p=9295","title":{"rendered":"\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406 \u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u6846\u67b6"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u5218\u6d9b  \u5357\u4eac\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662  \u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u8bc4\u8bba 2017,04(5),17-31 <\/p>\n

\u6458 \u8981\uff1a\u8fd0\u7528\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u5206\u6790\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u80fd\u591f\u8d85\u8d8a\u56fd\u5bb6\u2014\u793e\u4f1a\u4e8c\u5143\u89c6\u89d2, \u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u5316\u4e0e\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u7684\u5207\u5165\u70b9\u3002\u7f51\u7edc\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u80fd\u529b, \u5e76\u4e14\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u4e2a\u4f53\u88ab\u201c\u7eb3\u5165\u201d\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6210\u672c, \u6269\u5927\u4e86\u73af\u5883\/\u7cfb\u7edf\u533a\u5206\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u7f51\u7edc\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u7cfb\u7edf\u95f4\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u53ca\u5176\u8303\u56f4\u6269\u5927\u3002\u5927\u91cf\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\u4f1a\u5bf9\u73b0\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf, \u4f8b\u5982\u6cd5\u5f8b, \u9020\u6210\u51b2\u51fb\u3002\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u90e8\u9690\u85cf\u6c9f\u901a\u6096\u8bba\u8d8a\u53d1\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u6027\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u4e2d\u5448\u73b0\u5168\u7403\u6027\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u4e24\u79cd\u9762\u5411, \u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4fe1\u606f\u8fc7\u5ea6, \u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406, \u7279\u522b\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6f14\u5316\u9700\u8981\u7684\u662f\u6fc0\u53d1\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u7f51\u7edc\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7279\u70b9, \u5bf9\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u4f9d\u9760\u7684\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7, \u53ca\u5176\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u5206\u6563\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u95f4\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u8026\u5408\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5904\u7406\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784, \u4ece\u800c\u5316\u89e3\u793e\u4f1a\u590d\u6742\u6027, \u589e\u5f3a\u793e\u4f1a\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5206\u5316\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u4e92\u8054\u7f51; \u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba; \u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf; \u7ec4\u7ec7; \u7ed3\u6784\u8026\u5408; <\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001\u5f15\u8a00<\/p>\n

\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406 (social governance) \u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u6982\u5ff5, \u7531\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u6f14\u8fdb\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u57df\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u610f\u5473\u7740\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u79ef\u7d2f, \u4eba\u4eec\u9010\u6e10\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u6cbb\u624b\u6bb5\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5168\u9762\u89c4\u5236 (regulation) \u4e0d\u4ec5\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u6280\u672f\u4e0e\u529f\u80fd\u4e0a\u5b9e\u73b0, \u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0e\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0a\u627e\u5230\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8bae\u9898\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u542f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u4e0b\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7b49\u5404\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6f14\u8fdb\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u84dd\u56fe, \u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u5219\u662f\u5bf9\u542f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u201c\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d (individualism) \u3001\u7406\u6027\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u56fd\u5bb6\u201c\u5229\u7ef4\u5766\u201d\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u3002\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e2a\u4f53\u9009\u62e9\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u56fd\u5bb6\u6f14\u8fdb\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u201d\u6210\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u7ecf\u5178\u5b66\u6d3e\u5171\u540c\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u4e0e\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5177\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u9996\u5148\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6280\u672f\u9769\u547d, \u4f46\u5374\u7edd\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u505c\u7559\u5728\u6280\u672f\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u5c42\u9762\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ea4\u5f80\u7684\u5a92\u4ecb, \u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u6325\u63a8\u52a8\u793e\u4f1a\u6f14\u8fdb\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u662f\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u201d\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4, \u5229\u7528\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u5206\u6790\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u53ca\u5176\u8fd0\u4f5c\u89c4\u5f8b\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u4e0b\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u548c\u6316\u6398\u4e5f\u5e94\u5f53\u5c06\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u6700\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6784\u5efa\u5305\u542b\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u600e\u6837\u7406\u89e3\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u610f\u6db5?\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e0b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u9762\u4e34\u54ea\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u95ee\u9898, \u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u9762\u76f8\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u903b\u8f91\u53c8\u4f1a\u7531\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u4ecb\u5165\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u54ea\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u548c\u5236\u5ea6? <\/p>\n

\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u4e0e\u89e3\u7b54\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9700\u8981\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u79cd\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u53bb\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u5206\u6790\u4e0a\u8ff0\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5b66\u6d3e\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b, \u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u4e0e\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e0e\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u6d89, \u4e2a\u4f53\u80fd\u591f\u53c2\u4e0e\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e2d, \u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8fd0\u4f5c\u5355\u5143 (King, 2009) \u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u90e8\u903b\u8f91\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u95f4\u6307\u6d89\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fd8\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e, \u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u4e0b, \u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e0e\u8bc4\u5224\u6807\u51c6\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6, \u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7531\u6280\u672f\u9769\u547d\u800c\u4ea7\u751f, \u4f46\u662f\u5176\u6f14\u8fdb\u548c\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5374\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u6280\u672f\u9769\u547d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u9886\u57df, \u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5236\u9020\u6280\u672f\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4eba\u7269\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u53d7\u5230\u539f\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5f71\u54cd, \u4e5f\u5728\u6539\u53d8\u7740\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u903b\u8f91, \u4ece\u800c\u4e5f\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u6311\u6218\u548c\u673a\u9047\u3002\u8fd0\u7528\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u5206\u6790\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e0b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u80fd\u591f\u8d85\u8d8a\u73b0\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u2014\u56fd\u5bb6\u903b\u8f91\u4e2d\u7684\u5c40\u9650, \u4e5f\u80fd\u591f\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5c5e\u6027\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u89e3\u91ca\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u6c9f\u901a\u4e0e\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf:\u4f5c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u6f14\u8fdb\u5a92\u4ecb\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51<\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u53ca\u5176\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u793e\u4f1a, \u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89e3\u7b54\u3002\u4e0e\u591a\u6570\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u4ece\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u70b9\u51fa\u53d1\u6240\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u540c, \u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7531\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6c9f\u901a (systemic communication) \u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u4e2a\u4f53\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u4e0e\u884c\u52a8\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u6211\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u4ea7\u7269, \u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u8fc7\u5185\u90e8\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e0d\u65ad\u4ea7\u751f\u7cfb\u7edf\/\u73af\u5883\u533a\u5206\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u7ef4\u6301\u4e0e\u66f4\u65b0\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e86\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u201d\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u7531\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u6211\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5c5e\u6027, \u56e0\u6b64\u6c9f\u901a\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5c5e\u6027\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf?\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u662f\u201c\u89c2\u5bdf\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e3b\u4f53\u6027 (subjective) , \u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e3b\u4f53\u95f4\u6027 (inter-subjective) \u7684\u6982\u5ff5, \u800c\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c (operation) \u3002\u201c\u7cfb\u7edf\u201d\u5728\u7531\u5362\u66fc\u7b49\u4eba\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bba\u4e2d, \u4e5f\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u79cd\u5b9e\u4f53\u6982\u5ff5, \u800c\u662f\u5177\u6709\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u610f\u4e49, \u5176\u8bd5\u56fe\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u6f14\u5316 (evolution) \u4e2d\u4ece\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\u4ea4\u5f80\u8d70\u5411\u5171\u65f6\u6027 (simultaneous) \u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4f20\u64ad\u548c\u610f\u4e49\u5ef6\u5c55\u3002\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a (\u5305\u62ec\u5176\u6240\u6709\u529f\u80fd\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf) \u8fd0\u7528\u4f20\u64ad\u5a92\u4ecb (dissemination media, \u4f8b\u5982\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u7b49) \u548c\u8c61\u5f81\u5a92\u4ecb (symbolic media, \u4f8b\u5982\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u652f\u4ed8\u7b49) \u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u57fa\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bb0\u5fc6 (\u6216\u9057\u5fd8) \u529f\u80fd\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u81ea\u521b\u751f (autopoiesis) \u3002 <\/p>\n

\u7f51\u7edc\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5a92\u4ecb, \u800c\u4e14\u5c31\u5176\u5bf9\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u5904\u7406\u548c\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u589e\u503c\u800c\u8a00, \u5176\u4f20\u64ad\u901f\u5ea6\u660e\u663e\u52a0\u5feb, \u4ece\u800c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u8fdc\u4e0d\u6b62\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u3002\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u52a0\u6df1\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u884c\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4eba\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u4ed6\u4eba\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u770b\u6cd5, \u7279\u522b\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5927\u4f17\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u81ea\u5a92\u4f53 (\u5fae\u535a\u3001\u5fae\u4fe1\u7b49) , \u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u59cb\u7ec8\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4ed6\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u80fd\u591f\u67e5\u770b\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u4e8b\u4ef6, \u8fd9\u79cd\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u83b7\u53d6\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f, \u6216\u8005\u4e3b\u8981\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4eb2\u8eab\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u5f97\u5230\u7684, \u800c\u662f\u5728\u4ed6\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u62a5\u9053\u548c\u5448\u73b0\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u7684\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u901a\u8fc7\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\u7684\u4ea4\u5f80\u80fd\u591f\u83b7\u53d6\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u6781\u4e3a\u6709\u9650\u7684, \u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u548c\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e5f\u662f\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u3002\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u50a8\u5b58\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6587\u5b57\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u5b66\u5bb6\u5362\u66fc\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b58\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8bb0\u5fc6\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8fdb\u884c\u5f52\u7c7b\u5f62\u6210\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u7ed3\u6784, \u8bb0\u5fc6\u7684\u4fdd\u7559 (retention) \u662f\u672a\u6765\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0e\u4e4b\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u57fa\u7840 (Nobles and Schiff, 2004:227) \u3002\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6f14\u8fdb\u3002\u800c\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4fbf\u662f\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u573a\u57df\u3002\u5148\u524d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5f97\u4ee5\u4fdd\u5b58, \u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u518d\u751f\u4ea7\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u65ad\u6307\u6d89\u5148\u524d\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u4fbf\u662f\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u5386\u7a0b\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bf9\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u201d\u7684\u5448\u73b0\u5e76\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u53bb\u89c2\u5bdf\u793e\u4f1a, \u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a:\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u8303\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53bb\u5904\u7406\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61, \u4f7f\u5f97\u5176\u5448\u73b0\u7cfb\u7edf\u7279\u6027\u4e0e\u903b\u8f91\u3002\u8fdb\u800c\u901a\u8fc7\u9002\u7528\u89c4\u8303\u89e3\u51b3\u65b0\u7684\u6848\u4ef6, \u5e76\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a, \u4e3a\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u4f5c (\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf) \u63d0\u4f9b\u8d44\u6e90\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7684\u5a92\u4ecb\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u6269\u5927\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u8fdb\u5165\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u65b9\u5f0f, \u8fdb\u5165\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u201c\u6c9f\u901a\u201d\u7684\u95e8\u69db\u662f\u5f88\u4f4e\u7684\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u63a5\u5165\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u8fdb\u5165\u516c\u4f17\u8ba8\u8bba\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u9891\u9053, \u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u8fdb\u884c\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u53c2\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u3001\u8fdb\u884c\u827a\u672f\u9274\u8d4f, \u4e43\u81f3\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7eb3\u5165\u4e0e\u6392\u9664 (inclusion and exclusion) \u89c4\u5219, \u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0e\u7b80\u6613\u7684\u8fdb\u5165\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u6d77\u91cf\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u4fe1\u606f, \u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u6210\u672c\u66f4\u4f4e, \u7a0b\u5e8f\u66f4\u4e3a\u4fbf\u6377\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u6c9f\u901a\u5448\u73b0\u53cc\u5411\u673a\u5236, \u539f\u6709\u7684\u201c\u89c2\u4f17\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6f14\u5458\u201d\u9010\u6e10\u6a21\u7cca (\u5b63\u536b\u4e1c, 2006:27) \u3002\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6280\u672f\u4e0d\u4ec5\u7edf\u5408\u4e86\u4e4b\u524d\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4f20\u5a92\u6280\u672f, \u800c\u4e14\u5c06\u4ea4\u4e92\u6027\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u6781\u81f4, \u800c\u53c8\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5411\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u6e17\u900f (\u9648\u6c1a, 2015) \u3002 <\/p>\n

\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0, \u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u7684\u533a\u5206\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u7684\u533a\u5206\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u65ad\u6301\u7eed\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u81ea\u7ed9\u81ea\u8db3, \u800c\u662f\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65ad\u4ea7\u751f\u4fe1\u606f, \u5904\u7406\u65b0\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u73af\u5883\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u201c\u517b\u6599\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u7684\u73af\u5883\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u968f\u610f\u7684, \u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u80fd\u591f\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u751f\u6001\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u4fdd\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6c9f\u901a, \u54ea\u4e9b\u81ea\u7136\u73b0\u8c61\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u73af\u4fdd\u8bae\u9898\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u8eab\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u540c\u6837\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u73b0\u8c61, \u80fd\u5426\u88ab\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7cfb\u7edf\u7eb3\u5165\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a, \u4e5f\u662f\u76f8\u5e94\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u8eab\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6b64\u5916, \u8fd8\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5e76\u672a\u88ab\u4efb\u4f55\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7eb3\u5165\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6784\u5efa\u4e2d, \u4ece\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u5362\u66fc\u6240\u8a00\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6f14\u8fdb\u4e2d\u7684\u5371\u9669 (danger) \u3002\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u98ce\u9669 (risk) \u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u4e0b\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u7cfb\u7edf\/\u73af\u5883\u533a\u5206, \u53ef\u88ab\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6 (events) \u3002\u98ce\u9669\u548c\u5371\u9669\u7684\u533a\u5206\u5c31\u6b64\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5f52\u56e0\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u98ce\u9669\u662f\u5426\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u51fa\u73b0\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6, \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7531\u6240\u5904\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f4d\u7f6e\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64, \u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u770b\u6765, \u7cfb\u7edf\/\u73af\u5883\u7684\u533a\u5206\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u8eab\u6784\u5efa\u548c\u518d\u5165 (re-entry) \u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u73af\u5883\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6784\u5efa, \u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u73af\u5883\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4f7f\u5f97\u7cfb\u7edf\/\u73af\u5883\u533a\u5206\u4e0b\u80fd\u591f\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u589e\u591a\u4e86\u3002\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u6c9f\u901a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd, \u4ece\u800c\u4e5f\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u8303\u56f4, \u793e\u4f1a\u53ef\u88ab\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u534a\u5f84\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u3002\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5c06\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u50a8\u5b58\u8d77\u6765, \u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u518d\u6b21\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4ecb\u5165\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u95e8\u69db\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86, \u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u9891\u7387\u548c\u8303\u56f4\u589e\u5f3a\u548c\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u3002\u5229\u7528\u7f51\u7edc, \u4fe1\u606f\u91cd\u65b0\u6574\u5408\u7684\u80fd\u529b (\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u80fd\u529b) \u4e5f\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86\u3002\u65b0\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\/\u73af\u5883\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5f97\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5904\u7406\u3002\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u9700\u8981\u73af\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u4e0d\u65ad\u6fc0\u6270\u7cfb\u7edf, \u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u4e0b, \u7531\u4e0d\u540c\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u6784\u5efa\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002\u76f8\u5f02\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7406\u89e3\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u89c6\u89d2\u4ece\u4f5c\u4e3a\u987a\u5e8f\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u65f6\u95f4 (chronological time) \u6295\u5411\u793e\u4f1a\u6c9f\u901a\u610f\u4e49 (societal communicative meaning) \u4e0a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u663e\u73b0\u51fa\u6765 (Melissaris, 2004:57-79) \u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d, \u53d1\u8868\u7684\u5468\u671f\u4fbf\u662f\u5176\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4, \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u610f\u4e49\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u6839\u636e\u89c4\u5219\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5b89\u6392\u4e5f\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b, \u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u675f\u7f1a\u53d1\u751f\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u80fd\u591f\u6539\u53d8\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u89c4\u5219\u4e0e\u903b\u8f91\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6548\u529b\u7684\u53d8\u66f4, \u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u5224\u51b3\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u8303\u6548\u529b\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u548c\u706d\u5931\u4ecd\u7136\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u7cfb\u7edf\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5f97\u4ee5\u8fbe\u6210\u3002\u4f46\u662f, \u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u901a\u8fc7\u7cfb\u7edf\/\u73af\u5883\u533a\u5206\u8fd0\u4f5c\u8303\u56f4\u4e0e\u901f\u7387\u7684\u6269\u5927, \u80fd\u591f\u52a0\u901f\u6216\u8005\u5ef6\u7f13\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a, \u4ece\u800c\u4e5f\u5728\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u675f\u7f1a\u3002\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4f7f\u5f97\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ea7\u751f\u201c\u610f\u5916\u201d\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u589e\u5f3a, \u800c\u610f\u5916\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u5219\u662f\u65b0\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u6e38\u79bb\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\/\u73af\u5883\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u6210\u5206\u901a\u8fc7\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u8fdb\u5165\u7cfb\u7edf\u533a\u5206\u7684\u89c6\u91ce, \u5e76\u5f97\u5230\u5904\u7406\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0, \u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u662f\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bf4, \u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e0b\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u6d89\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\/\u73af\u5883\u7684\u533a\u5206\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5f97\u4ee5\u8fdb\u5165\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u89c6\u91ce\u3002\u968f\u7740\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5c06\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7eb3\u5165, \u4e0d\u540c\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u73af\u5883\u53ef\u627f\u8f7d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u53d8\u5f97\u591a\u4e86, \u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u675f\u7f1a\u51cf\u5f31\u4e86, \u7cfb\u7edf\u80fd\u591f\u5904\u7406\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u6240\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8bdd\u9898 (topic\/theme) \u4e30\u5bcc\u4e86\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027 (complexity) \u4e5f\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86\u3002\u5362\u66fc\u3001\u6258\u4f9d\u5e03\u7eb3\u7b49\u4eba\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a, \u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u590d\u6742\u6027\u589e\u5f3a\u7684\u540c\u65f6, \u73af\u5883\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4e5f\u80fd\u591f\u5f97\u5230\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5904\u7406, \u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e2d\u518d\u751f\u4ea7\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4e0d\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u9010\u6e10\u51cf\u5c11, \u57fa\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u6027 (system rationalities) \u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u5f3a\u8c03\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u591a\u7cfb\u7edf\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u5316 (functional differentiation) \u548c\u5171\u540c\u53c2\u4e0e, \u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u5ff5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u4f8b\u8bc1\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f, \u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u771f\u7684\u80fd\u591f\u4e00\u52b3\u6c38\u9038\u5730\u89e3\u51b3\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u95ee\u9898\u5417?\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u5316\u662f\u5426\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u793e\u4f1a\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e0a\u627e\u5230\u5171\u8bc6, \u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u6052\u4e45\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f?\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u4fdd\u8bc1\u548c\u52a0\u56fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u751f\u6210?\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65f6\u4ee3\u662f\u8d8a\u52a0\u7b80\u6613\u4e86, \u8fd8\u662f\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u4e86?\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bf9\u6b64\u505a\u51fa\u8fc7\u5168\u9762\u6216\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u56de\u7b54, \u6211\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u6cbf\u7740\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u5bf9\u4e0a\u8ff0\u95ee\u9898\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5206\u6790\u548c\u7b54\u6848\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001\u533a\u5206\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u8026\u5408\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u6096\u8bba:\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65f6\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u56f0\u5883<\/p>\n

\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0, \u793e\u4f1a (\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf) \u7684\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\/\u73af\u5883\u7684\u533a\u5206\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u533a\u5206 (distinction) \u3002\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u770b\u6765, \u521b\u9020\u533a\u5206\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u4f7f\u793e\u4f1a\u5f97\u4ee5\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u5173\u952e (King and Thornhill, 2003:13) \u3002\u4e00\u5207\u89c2\u5bdf\u90fd\u9700\u8fd0\u7528\u533a\u5206, \u89c2\u5bdf\u82f9\u679c, \u5c31\u8981\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u5730\u533a\u5206\u82f9\u679c\/\u82f9\u679c\u5916\u7684\u4e16\u754c, \u7136\u540e\u6807\u793a\u82f9\u679c;\u89c2\u5bdf\u5973\u4eba, \u5c31\u8981\u5bf9\u79f0\u5730\u533a\u5206\u5973\u4eba\/\u7537\u4eba, \u7136\u540e\u6807\u793a\u5973\u4eba\u3002\u533a\u5206\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8868\u8fbe\u65b9\u5f0f, \u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u548c\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u5236\u9020\u3002\u533a\u5206\u7684\u5ef6\u7eed\u9884\u793a\u7740\u672a\u6765\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765, \u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u5c31\u5c06\u533a\u5206\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u5176\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4e0e\u5076\u5728\u6027\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e86\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u533a\u5206, \u4eba\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u89c1\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c1a\u672a\u88ab\u6807\u793a (unmarked) \u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u533a\u5206\u793e\u4f1a\u5f97\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7cfb\u7edf, \u4ee5\u6b64\u6765\u8fa8\u522b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u3002\u7136\u800c, \u7cfb\u7edf\/\u73af\u5883\u7684\u533a\u5206\u5177\u6709\u76f2\u70b9 (blind spot) \u3002\u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0, \u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u65e0\u6cd5\u89c2\u5bdf\u90a3\u4e9b\u5e76\u672a\u88ab\u5176\u6784\u5efa\u4e3a\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6210\u5206\u3002\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\/\u73af\u5883\u533a\u5206\u4e4b\u5916, \u4e16\u754c\u65e0\u53ef\u80fd\u6027, \u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u77e5\u6653 (Luhmann, 1997) \u3002 <\/p>\n

\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e3a\u6269\u5927\u7cfb\u7edf\u6269\u5927\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u9014\u5f84, \u90a3\u4e9b\u5148\u524d\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7cfb\u7edf\u5904\u7406\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u4f46\u662f, \u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u89c2\u5bdf\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u540c\u65f6, \u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u51c6\u5907\u89e3\u51b3\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3002\u76f8\u53cd, \u73af\u5883\u7684\u6269\u5927\u4f1a\u7834\u574f\u73b0\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6c9f\u901a, \u4ea7\u751f\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u98ce\u9669, \u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u7acb\u6cd5\u3002\u7acb\u6cd5\u5c5e\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u6c9f\u901a\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u7cfb\u7edf\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7b26\u7801 (code) \u548c\u7406\u6027, \u9009\u62e9\u53ef\u88ab\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u4e8b\u9879 (\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u73af\u5883) \u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6, \u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5bf9\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3001\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e0e\u5408\u5baa\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u5ba1\u67e5, \u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\u548c\u4fee\u6539\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5165\u5b9e\u65bd (implementation) \u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e8b\u9879\u8fd8\u4f1a\u6700\u7ec8\u8fdb\u5165\u53f8\u6cd5\u7a0b\u5e8f, \u63a5\u53d7\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7b26\u7801 (\u5408\u6cd5\/\u975e\u6cd5) \u548c\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fd0\u4f5c\u800c\u8a00\u66f4\u591a\u5177\u6709\u7684\u662f\u8c61\u5f81\u6548\u679c (Edelman, 1985) \u3002 <\/p>\n

\u4e92\u8054\u7f51, \u7279\u522b\u662f\u7f51\u7edc\u793e\u4ea4\u5a92\u4f53\u5bf9\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u5219\u4f1a\u6253\u7834\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7cfb\u7edf\u539f\u6709\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u683c\u5c40\u3002\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u7b5b\u9009\u673a\u5236\u3002\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u662f\u53d1\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u627f\u8f7d\u6570\u636e\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u80fd\u529b, \u65b0\u7684\u8bae\u9898\u4e0d\u65ad\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7684\u573a\u57df\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f, \u800c\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f52\u5c5e\u5219\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6307\u6d89\u3002\u81ea\u5a92\u4f53\u65f6\u4ee3, \u7f51\u7edc\u70ed\u70b9\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u9075\u5faa\u7684\u662f\u5927\u4f17\u4f20\u5a92\u7684\u7b26\u7801\u548c\u7a0b\u5f0f (\u65b0\u95fb\/\u975e\u65b0\u95fb\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u5224\u65ad) , \u800c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u53c8\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b, \u5f53\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4ea7\u751f\u4e14\u5f15\u8d77\u793e\u4f1a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5173\u6ce8\u65f6, \u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u9014\u5f84\u5f80\u5f80\u6210\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u671f\u671b\u7684\u843d\u811a\u70b9\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f, \u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u7b5b\u9009\u6709\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u903b\u8f91, \u7acb\u6cd5\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u6267\u6cd5\u95ee\u9898, \u7279\u522b\u662f\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u6784\u5efa\u548c\u8bba\u8bc1\u66f4\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e8c\u5143\u533a\u5206\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e0e\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b26\u5408\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7cfb\u7edf\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u201c\u7f51\u7edc\u4e8b\u4ef6\u201d\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u6700\u521d\u5e76\u975e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u89c2\u5bdf, \u6240\u4ee5\u5373\u4f7f\u6700\u7ec8\u8fdb\u5165\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u6d41\u7a0b\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u6b64\u6210\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7b26\u7801\u548c\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8fd0\u4f5c, \u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e5f\u88ab\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7b49\u7cfb\u7edf\u91cd\u65b0\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5207\u5272\u3001\u9009\u62e9\u4e0e\u7f16\u7801\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u7f51\u7edc\u5a92\u4ecb\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5bf9\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5904\u7406\u7684\u671f\u671b\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u7279\u5b9a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0d\u76f8\u543b\u5408\u3002\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\u8fdb\u800c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u5bf9\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7ed3\u679c\u7684 (\u8d1f\u9762) \u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002\u65b0\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7ee7\u7eed\u53d1\u9175, \u800c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7b49\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u5219\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u7ee7\u7eed\u5bf9\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u540e\u7eed\u4ea7\u751f\u53cd\u5e94\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d, \u867d\u7136\u65b0\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c, \u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u5f97\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5904\u7406\u4e0d\u5f97\u800c\u77e5, \u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f, \u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u903b\u8f91\u5904\u7406\u80fd\u5426\u7b26\u5408\u7f51\u7edc\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\u516c\u5171\u8ba8\u8bba\u5bf9\u4e8b\u4ef6\u539f\u6709\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0e\u671f\u671b\u662f\u5177\u6709\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u3002\u4ece\u6211\u56fd\u300a\u5211\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u300b (\u4e5d) \u7acb\u6cd5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e43\u81f3\u5176\u540e\u7684\u5bf9\u8d2a\u6c61\u8d3f\u8d42\u72af\u7f6a\u53f8\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u9881\u5e03\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d, \u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u80fd\u591f\u53d1\u73b0\u7f51\u7edc\u70ed\u70b9\u4e0e\u201c\u6c11\u610f\u201d\u548c\u7acb\u6cd5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3001\u91ca\u6cd5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u8eab\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c, \u6211\u4eec\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u9010\u6b65\u6d88\u51cf\u8fd9\u79cd\u51b2\u7a81, \u4f46\u662f\u5374\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u6d88\u9664\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u5316\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u81ea\u8eab\u5c5e\u6027\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u51b2\u7a81\u6269\u5927\u5316, \u4ece\u800c\u5a01\u80c1\u7cfb\u7edf\u793e\u4f1a\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5ef6\u7eed\u3002\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e3a\u4f8b, \u57fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u89c4\u8303, \u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u671f\u671b (counterfactual expectation) \u3002\u89c4\u8303\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u793e\u4f1a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u6548\u529b\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8, \u800c\u53ea\u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u903b\u8f91 (\u7acb\u6cd5\u3001\u4fee\u6cd5\u4e0e\u91ca\u6cd5) \u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4f46\u662f, \u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c4\u8303\u671f\u671b\u7684\u5efa\u7acb, \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u6d89\u5c01\u95ed (closure) \u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u5e76\u975e\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684 (cognitive) \u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u73af\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u4ecb\u5165\u4fbf\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u57fa\u4e8e\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f00\u653e (cognitive openness) \u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u662f\u5728\u89c4\u8303\u5c01\u95ed\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u6027 (synchronization) \u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u3002\u5728\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b, \u7cfb\u7edf\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u6784\u5efa\u9075\u5faa\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u7ed3\u6784, \u5e76\u4e0d\u4f7f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u8303\u6709\u6548\u6027\u4ea7\u751f\u7a81\u53d8\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5a92\u4ecb\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b, \u7cfb\u7edf\u6f14\u8fdb\u4e2d\u7684\u7a81\u53d8\u6210\u4e3a\u5e38\u6001\u3002\u89c4\u8303\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u90e8\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7531\u4e8e\u7f51\u7edc\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u4ecb\u5165, \u5927\u91cf\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6210\u4e3a\u9700\u8981\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u8ba4\u77e5\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\u3002\u800c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u73b0\u6709\u7ed3\u6784\u53ca\u5176\u8bed\u4e49\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u903b\u8f91\u63a5\u53d7\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u5316\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b, \u539f\u6709\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u6211\u89c2\u5bdf\u5904\u4e0e\u76f8\u4e92\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u95f4\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u4e92\u76f8\u7684\u6fc0\u6270 (irritation) , \u5e76\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u8026\u5408 (structural coupling) \u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\/\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5206\u79bb\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u4e2d, \u4e92\u76f8\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u6cfe\u6e2d\u5206\u660e\u7684\u754c\u9650\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u4e0d\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u63a7\u5236\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027, \u5a92\u4f53\u5bf9\u73b0\u884c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6279\u5224\u4e5f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6b62\u4e8e\u65b0\u95fb\u6027 (newsworthy) \u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65f6\u4ee3, \u60c5\u51b5\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4fe1\u606f\u6210\u500d\u589e\u957f, \u800c\u539f\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5904\u7406\u73af\u5883\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5374\u5e76\u672a\u7531\u4e8e\u6280\u672f\u7684\u589e\u957f\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d, \u5c24\u5176\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u8eab\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5ef6\u7eed, \u800c\u8fc7\u591a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5219\u4f1a\u8d85\u8fc7\u7cfb\u7edf\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u51b2\u52a8\u6027\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u3001\u8d85\u8d8a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6b63\u5f53\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3001\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u201c\u76f8\u540c\u6848\u4ef6\u76f8\u540c\u5224\u51b3\u201d\u539f\u5219\u7684\u5ba1\u7406\u7ed3\u679c\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u7834\u574f\u73b0\u6709\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u6548\u529b\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c4\u8303\u671f\u671b\u7684\u4fdd\u6301\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u6267\u884c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u6267\u884c\u662f\u5e7f\u4e49\u7684, \u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u53f8\u6cd5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u800c\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e0b\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u8303\u6548\u529b\u5728\u6267\u884c\u5c42\u9762\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f1a\u9762\u4e34\u793e\u4f1a\u8206\u8bba (\u672a\u7ecf\u5206\u5316\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6) \u7684\u51b2\u51fb, \u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u4f1a\u66f4\u4e3a\u76f4\u63a5\u5730\u9762\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fd0\u4f5c\u903b\u8f91\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u8003\u9a8c\u3002\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5230\u6765\u4f7f\u5f97\u7cfb\u7edf\u95f4\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u6d89\u7684\u754c\u9650\u548c\u8303\u56f4\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u53d8\u5316\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u524d\u8ff0\u5185\u5bb9\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u5316\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u95f4\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u5448\u73b0\u7ed3\u6784\u8026\u5408\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u901a\u8fc7\u5baa\u6cd5\u8fd9\u4e00\u5a92\u4ecb\u5f97\u5230\u89c4\u5236\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u6210\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u7b26\u7801\u548c\u7a0b\u5f0f, \u653f\u6cbb\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf, \u7279\u522b\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u671f\u671b\u529f\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6838\u5fc3:\u53f8\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e2d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b, \u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u589e\u957f\u4f7f\u5f97\u5404\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u73af\u5883\u8ba4\u77e5\u56e0\u7d20\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5316\u51b2\u52a8\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7834\u574f\u539f\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6c9f\u901a, \u8fdb\u800c\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u6f14\u8fdb\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u5316\u4ea7\u751f\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6096\u8bba, \u6211\u4eec\u65e2\u5e0c\u671b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7b49\u793e\u4f1a\u529f\u80fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u51b3\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\u201d, \u4f46\u662f\u5f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u5904\u7406\u73af\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u5f3a\u65f6, \u6211\u4eec\u53c8\u53d1\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u4e0e\u5206\u5316\u53d7\u5230\u51b2\u51fb\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64, \u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u867d\u7136\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u5f97\u4ee5\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e43\u81f3\u5feb\u901f\u6f14\u8fdb\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5a92\u4ecb, \u4f46\u662f\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a, \u5bf9\u8bf8\u5982\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u4fdd\u6301\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u7cfb\u7edf\u627f\u8f7d\u4e86\u8fc7\u591a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f, \u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5f97\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6784\u5efa\u4e0e\u8fd0\u4f5c\u903b\u8f91\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u90fd\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf, \u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u57fa\u7840\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u6096\u8bba\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u5316\u4f7f\u5f97\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u6d89\u53ca\u5176\u6096\u8bba\u540c\u65f6\u4ea7\u751f, \u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u90e8\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u6d89\/\u5916\u90e8\u6307\u6d89\u7684\u518d\u5165, \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u89e3\u9664\u6096\u8bba (externalization of paradox) \u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002\u800c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65f6\u4ee3\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u58c1\u5792\u7684\u6253\u7834\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7eb3\u5165\u4e0e\u6392\u9664\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u964d\u4f4e\u4f7f\u5f97\u7cfb\u7edf\u6096\u8bba\u7684\u9690\u85cf\u66f4\u52a0\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7406\u6027\u53d7\u5230\u653b\u51fb, \u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u51f8\u663e\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u7531\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u6096\u8bba\u7684\u51f8\u663e\u800c\u53d8\u5f97\u5c16\u9510\u8d77\u6765\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762, \u7531\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u5438\u6536\u73af\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u589e\u5f3a, \u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3001\u6fc0\u6270\u548c\u4fb5\u8680\u4e5f\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e0b\u53d8\u5f97\u68d8\u624b\u3002\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784\u8026\u5408\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u591f\u5feb\u901f\u5730\u5efa\u7acb, \u800c\u539f\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u4f1a\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u663e\u9732\u3002\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5e76\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u8c03\u8282\u4e0e\u7f13\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u95f4\u7406\u6027\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u57fa\u7840, \u5feb\u901f\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u79ef\u805a\u4e5f\u53ea\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u7cfb\u7edf\u5404\u81ea\u4e3a\u653f\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u540e\u679c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5728\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u88ab\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u518d\u6b21\u5448\u73b0\u4e3a\u4e8b\u4ef6, \u7cfb\u7edf\u53c8\u5fc5\u987b\u9762\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\u4ea7\u751f\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027, \u4fdd\u8bc1\u81ea\u8eab\u7cfb\u7edf\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u53cd\u590d\u7684\u4e92\u76f8\u6fc0\u6270\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d, \u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u4e3a\u4e86\u5904\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u95f4\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u9632\u6b62\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u706d\u5931, \u7cfb\u7edf\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u653b\u51fb\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u51b3\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65f6\u4ee3\u7cfb\u7edf\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u77db\u76fe\u6210\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u6f14\u8fdb\u5fc5\u987b\u76f4\u9762\u7684\u96be\u9898\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u901a\u8fc7\u672c\u8282\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0, \u4efb\u4f55\u793e\u4f1a\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u76f2\u70b9\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\/\u73af\u5883\u533a\u5206\u4e0b\u7684\u57fa\u4e8e\u7f51\u7edc\u5a92\u4ecb\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u89c2\u5bdf\u540c\u6837\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e2d, \u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8bdd\u9898\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u793e\u4f1a\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7, \u5bf9\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u5e76\u975e\u7531\u4e8e\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\u5c31\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u610f\u4e49, \u7f51\u7edc\u53ea\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u793e\u4f1a\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u673a\u4f1a, \u800c\u975e\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u548c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u4ecd\u7136\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5df2\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u7b26\u7801\u3001\u7a0b\u5f0f\u548c\u8bdd\u8bed\u3002\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u786e\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u6d89\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u589e\u957f, \u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u589e\u957f\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u8eab\u903b\u8f91\u6709\u9650\u6027\u7684\u66b4\u9732\u3002\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6c9f\u901a\u5982\u4f55\u9762\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6096\u8bba, \u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u53c8\u9762\u4e34\u54ea\u4e9b\u7279\u70b9, \u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u4e00\u8282\u8fdb\u884c\u8003\u5bdf\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u56db\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u6211\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6027\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u6027:\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65f6\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u89c6\u57df<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e0a\u6587\u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u65b0\u7279\u70b9\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5e26\u6765\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u98a0\u8986\u6027\u8f6c\u53d8, \u793e\u4f1a\u6c9f\u901a\u4ecd\u7136\u6cbf\u7740\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002\u800c\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u6211\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e0e\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u6d89\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6096\u8bba\u53ca\u5176\u63a9\u85cf\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\/\u73af\u5883\u533a\u5206\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784\u8026\u5408\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6765\u53cd\u601d\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u5316, \u8bd5\u56fe\u627e\u5230\u4f18\u5316\u793e\u4f1a\u8d44\u6e90\u914d\u7f6e\u3001\u8c03\u6574\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5173\u7cfb\u5e76\u6784\u5efa\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u518d\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u89c2\u5bdf\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fa7\u9762\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u662f\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u7684 (reflexive) \u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4, \u89e3\u51b3\u793e\u4f1a\u6c9f\u901a\u4e0e\u5206\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u81a8\u80c0\u3001\u533a\u5206\u6d88\u5931\u4e0e\u529f\u80fd\u4e27\u5931\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5438\u6536, \u5bf9\u7a33\u5b9a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u671f\u671b, \u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e9b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6784\u5efa\u5f97\u5230\u6539\u5584\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u7edd\u975e\u6279\u5224\u8005\u6240\u8a00\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u4ece\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u6f14\u8fdb\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5177\u6709\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u98a0\u8986 (radicalism) \u610f\u4e49\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u98a0\u8986\u610f\u6db5\u4e3a\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u672a\u6765\u53d1\u5c55\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53ef\u8d44\u501f\u9274\u7684\u667a\u8bc6\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u7ed3\u5408\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f53\u4e0b\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6c9f\u901a\u7279\u70b9\u8fdb\u884c\u9610\u91ca\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u7406\u6027\u601d\u6f6e\u53cd\u601d\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e00\u5957\u89e3\u8bfb\u897f\u65b9\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u5386\u53f2\u683c\u5c40\u3001\u5f53\u4ee3\u547d\u8fd0\u4e0e\u672a\u6765\u524d\u666f\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64, \u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u201c\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u201d\u6784\u5efa\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u201c\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u201d\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u5957\u7406\u8bba\u5f97\u5230\u59a5\u5f53\u7684\u89e3\u91ca?\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d85\u51fa\u672c\u6587\u6240\u63a2\u8ba8\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4ec5\u7ed3\u5408\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406, \u6765\u5bf9\u6b64\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u67d0\u4e9b\u5c42\u9762\u548c\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u89e3\u7b54\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u5177\u6709\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6 (Luhmann, 1982) , \u4f46\u662f\u5374\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u533a\u57df, \u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5362\u66fc\u7b49\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u5b66\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u770b\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf, \u7279\u522b\u662f\u8bf8\u5982\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7b49\u7cfb\u7edf\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u533a\u57df\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd8\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b, \u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4ecd\u7136\u90fd\u5904\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8303\u7574\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u6267\u884c, \u6cd5\u5f8b\u5224\u51b3\u7684\u6267\u884c\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u4f9d\u8d56\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7, \u5305\u62ec\u66b4\u529b\u673a\u6784\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u4ea7\u751f (\u89c2\u5bdf) \u65b9\u5f0f\u800c\u8a00, \u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u4e8c\u9636\u5c5e\u6027\u4e0e\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u6d89\u5e76\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u7a7a\u95f4\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u3001\u7f8e\u6d32\u8fd8\u662f\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u4ea4\u5f80, \u8fd8\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b (\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5546\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5f8b) \u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u90fd\u9075\u5faa\u7740\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7b26\u7801\u548c\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f, \u5e76\u6784\u5efa\u51fa\u80fd\u591f\u76f8\u4e92\u6307\u6d89\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5362\u66fc\u7b49\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u8f83\u65e9\u5730\u63d0\u51fa\u4e16\u754c\u793e\u4f1a (world society, \u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f, \u662f\u5355\u6570) \u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u5f88\u6709\u542f\u53d1\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u5728\u5362\u66fc\u770b\u6765, \u5728\u5168\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u5185, \u529f\u80fd\u5206\u5316\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u8bed\u4e49\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u6d89 (Luhmann, 1997) \u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5316\u4e0e\u591a\u6837\u5316, \u610f\u5473\u7740\u793e\u4f1a\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u662f\u540c\u6b65\u6f14\u8fdb\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762, \u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7b49\u529f\u80fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u5448\u73b0\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8bdd\u8bed\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u6027, \u4efb\u4f55\u529f\u80fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7b26\u7801\u4e0e\u6c9f\u901a\u90fd\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u7edf\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027;\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762, \u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5148\u524d\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u9ad8\u5ea6\u6574\u5408\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u6c9f\u901a, \u529f\u80fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u4e16\u754c\u4e0d\u540c\u89d2\u843d\u7684\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u8fde\u63a5\u5728\u4e00\u8d77, \u4ece\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u8d44\u6e90\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0e\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u6027\u4f20\u9012\u3002\u968f\u7740\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5230\u6765, \u793e\u4f1a\u6c9f\u901a\u8d85\u8d8a\u5730\u57df\u9650\u5236\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u66f4\u52a0\u51f8\u663e\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u7f51\u7edc (social network) \u5c06\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u8fde\u63a5\u5728\u4e00\u8d77, \u4ece\u800c\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u9650\u5236, \u800c\u4e14\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u6253\u7834\u5730\u57df\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u7535\u5b50\u5546\u52a1\u3001\u8fdc\u7a0b\u533b\u5b66\u6cbb\u7597\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u516c\u5f00\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u65b0\u7684\u5185\u5bb9, \u8fd9\u4e5f\u5370\u8bc1\u4e86\u5362\u66fc\u7b49\u4eba\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u6c9f\u901a\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u3002\u5168\u7403\u5316, \u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6027\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u770b\u6765\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u5e94\u6709\u4e4b\u610f\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e5f\u4e0d\u514d\u5728\u5404\u9886\u57df\u52a0\u5165\u5230\u5168\u7403\u6027\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u4e2d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u9886\u57df (\u5168\u7403\u5546\u52a1\u3001\u8c08\u5224\u3001\u73af\u4fdd\u7b49) \u8f83\u4e3a\u987a\u7545;\u800c\u5728\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e9b\u9886\u57df\u7531\u4e8e\u539f\u6709\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u7279\u70b9 (\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76) \u800c\u906d\u9047\u4e86\u66f2\u6298\u3002\u5728\u5168\u4e16\u754c, \u60c5\u51b5\u4e5f\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u540c\u6b65\u5168\u7403\u5316\u4e86, \u5b83\u4eec\u5168\u7403\u5316\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u548c\u5f3a\u5ea6\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u4eca\u5929, \u5b97\u6559\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5df2\u7ecf\u7a33\u56fa\u786e\u7acb\u4e3a\u5168\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf, \u4f46\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4ecd\u7136\u4e3b\u8981\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b, \u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u8de8\u5883\u6c9f\u901a\u53ea\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u52a0\u4ee5\u7ec4\u7ec7, \u800c\u771f\u6b63\u8d85\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fc7\u7a0b, \u4ea6\u5373\u7531\u6c9f\u901a\u76f4\u63a5\u4ea7\u751f\u5168\u7403\u7f51\u7edc\u3001\u65e0\u9700\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u534f\u8c03\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u8fc7\u7a0b, \u8fd8\u53ea\u662f\u9010\u6e10\u6d6e\u73b0 (\u6258\u4f9d\u5e03\u7eb3, 2016:49) \u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7b49\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u4e5f\u9010\u6b65\u5448\u73b0\u5168\u7403\u6027\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7684\u5230\u6765\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5168\u7403\u6027\u6c9f\u901a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5e76\u975e\u5f62\u6210\u793e\u4f1a\u6c9f\u901a, \u7279\u522b\u662f\u8d85\u8d8a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7586\u57df\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u5145\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u8f83\u5feb\u5b9e\u73b0\u5168\u7403\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u9886\u57df\u4e2d, \u5982\u4f55\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u4e92\u52a8, \u4f8b\u5982\u5168\u7403\u5316\u7684\u5546\u52a1\u5408\u4f5c\u4e0e\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5219\u4e5f\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u6311\u6218\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6027\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0, \u5e76\u4e14\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u533a\u793e\u4f1a\u4ea4\u5f80\u6210\u672c\u7684\u964d\u4f4e\u3002\u4f46\u662f, \u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5316\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6307\u6d89\u4e2a\u522b\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5168\u7403\u6027\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7cfb\u7edf\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784\u8026\u5408\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6027\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u95f4\u6c9f\u901a\u5904\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u7684\u76f8\u540c\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a, \u7ed3\u6784\u8026\u5408\u624d\u80fd\u7f13\u89e3\u7531\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u6027\u591a\u5143\u548c\u73af\u5883\u591a\u5143\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u5316\u53ca\u5176\u51b2\u7a81\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65e0\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u6c9f\u901a\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784\u8026\u5408\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u4e92\u8054\u7f51, \u5728\u6280\u672f\u4e0a\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6c9f\u901a\u5168\u7403\u5316, \u5373\u4f7f\u6848\u4ef6\u5224\u51b3\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u5927\u6570\u636e\u7b49\u65b9\u5f0f\u5728\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u8fdb\u884c\u641c\u7d22\u548c\u6bd4\u5bf9, \u8fdb\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u6700\u4f18\u5316\u7684\u91cf\u5211\u4e0e\u88c1\u5224, \u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u77ed\u671f\u5185\u5728\u5211\u6cd5\u7b49\u4f20\u7edf\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6027\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u5176\u5d4c\u5165\u6027\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6b63\u4e49\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u5f97\u5230\u786e\u8bc1, \u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u5728\u5d4c\u5165\u6761\u4ef6\u5dee\u5f02\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5730\u533a\u5b9e\u73b0\u7edf\u4e00\u548c\u5171\u8bc6\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u6c9f\u901a\u5168\u7403\u6027\u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e5f\u7edd\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5bf9\u5b9e\u4f53\u6982\u5ff5\u6216\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u8fd9\u65e0\u5f02\u4e8e\u9677\u5165\u54c8\u8d1d\u9a6c\u65af\u7b49\u4eba\u4ea4\u5f80\u7406\u8bba\u4e0b\u751f\u6d3b\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5974\u5f79, \u5305\u62ec\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5316 (juridification of the life-world) \u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u4e0b\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5316\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u5f3a\u8c03\u793e\u4f1a\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u6307\u6d89\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u9886\u57df\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u533a\u57df\u5185\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u6d89, \u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5316\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u7f51\u7edc\u5316\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6027\u6c9f\u901a\u4e5f\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u53ef\u6b32\u7684\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406, \u7279\u522b\u662f\u5bf9\u5168\u7403\u5316\u4e0e\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u4e2d\u56fd\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u533a\u5206\u5bf9\u5f85\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u7406\u6027\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u8026\u5408\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u8fd8\u6d89\u53ca\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5362\u66fc\u7b49\u4eba\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u539f\u521d\u8bba\u8bc1\u5e76\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u6211\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e0e\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u6d89\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u6d89\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5b58\u5728\u6709\/\u65e0\u4e24\u79cd\u72b6\u6001 (Luhmann, 1986:172-192) \u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u540e\u7eed\u7814\u7a76\u8005, \u7279\u522b\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6258\u4f9d\u5e03\u7eb3\u7b49\u4eba\u770b\u6765, \u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u6d89\u5177\u6709\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5dee\u5f02 (Teubner, 1987) \u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u4e0d\u540c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5206\u7cfb\u7edf (\u4e0d\u540c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7c7b\u522b\u3001\u6cd5\u7cfb\u6216\u8005\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5236\u5ea6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u95f4) \u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u6d89\u5177\u6709\u5dee\u5f02, \u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e5f\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc4\u5224\u7684\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u6211\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u6d89\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6839\u636e\u6709\u6216\u65e0\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u6cd5\u6cbb\u8bdd\u8bed\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u4f53\u73b0, \u4e5f\u662f\u6211\u56fd\u73b0\u9636\u6bb5\u56fd\u5bb6\u5168\u9762\u6df1\u5316\u6539\u9769\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u770b\u5230\u7684\u662f, \u5728\u6211\u56fd, \u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u4f9d\u9760\u653f\u6cbb\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u6cd5\u6cbb\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u6784\u5efa\u4ece\u800c\u5177\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u6211\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u5c5e\u6027, \u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5448\u73b0\u5171\u540c\u6f14\u8fdb\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5171\u540c\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u53c8\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5728\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u5316\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u8026\u5408, \u800c\u662f\u5177\u6709\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u6f14\u8fdb\u9053\u8def\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u6cbb\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u8d77\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u4f5c\u7528?\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u524d\u8ff0\u5185\u5bb9\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4fe1\u606f\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u4f20\u9012\u4e0e\u4f20\u64ad\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8d85\u8fc7\u7279\u5b9a\u7cfb\u7edf\/\u73af\u5883\u533a\u5206\u627f\u8f7d\u7684\u8303\u56f4, \u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5f97\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u6211\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e2d\u7684\u6096\u8bba\u66b4\u9732\u3002\u5728\u6211\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u8bdd\u8bed\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bdd\u8bed\u4e92\u76f8\u88f9\u631f\u6f14\u8fdb\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d, \u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8fc7\u4e8e\u62c5\u5fc3\u7531\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u627f\u8f7d\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u9650\u5ea6\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u6096\u8bba\u5c55\u73b0\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u6211\u4eec\u671f\u671b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u8eab\u7b26\u7801\u4e0e\u7a0b\u5f0f\u80fd\u591f\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u6096\u8bba, \u8fdb\u800c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bdd\u8bed\u548c\u6c9f\u901a\u9010\u6e10\u8131\u79bb\u653f\u6cbb\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u524d\u666f\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c1a\u672a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5206\u5316, \u6096\u8bba\u4e5f\u672a\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u4f7f\u5f97\u653f\u6cbb\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u6cd5\u6cbb\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u652f\u6301\u663e\u5f97\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u5b9e\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b, \u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u66f4\u4e3a\u51b7\u9759\u5730\u770b\u5f85\u653f\u6cbb\u201c\u4ecb\u5165\u201d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u3002\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5206\u6790\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u5206\u5316\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u5e76\u975e\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e0e\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u6d89\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5728\u4e00\u56fd\u7586\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u80fd\u591f\u5f62\u6210\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u8026\u5408\u3002\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6cd5\u6cbb\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u5f62\u6210, \u5f53\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6210\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\/\u73af\u5883\u533a\u5206\u7684\u5904\u7406\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6, \u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u9002\u5ea6\u5206\u79bb\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u5728\u653f\u6cbb-\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6539\u9769\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d, \u4e00\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u6380\u8d77\u63a2\u8ba8, \u5e76\u4e14\u8fdb\u5165\u6cd5\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u89c6\u57df, \u4ece\u800c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6cd5\u6cbb\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u517b\u6210\u3002\u7f51\u7edc\u80fd\u591f\u5e26\u52a8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u73af\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc, \u5e76\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65ad\u6fc0\u6270\u539f\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u2014\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a, \u5f62\u6210\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u8026\u5408\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u6211\u56fd, \u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e24\u79cd\u6f14\u5316\u8def\u5f84\u5171\u540c\u53d1\u751f:\u4e00\u65b9\u9762, \u793e\u4f1a\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6027\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u73af\u4fdd\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e43\u81f3\u6587\u5316\u6f14\u8fdb\u90fd\u8fdb\u5165\u8d85\u8d8a\u5730\u57df\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u9886\u57df, \u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u5728\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5f62\u6210\u66f4\u4e3a\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u73af\u5883\/\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u533a\u5206, \u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4f7f\u5f97\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u9886\u57df\u6210\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5982\u4f55\u5c55\u5f00\u5168\u7403\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u6d89\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u770b\u5230\u5373\u4f7f\u8d70\u5411\u5168\u7403\u6027\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ecd\u7136\u9762\u4e34\u5982\u4f55\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u7a33\u5b9a\u7ed3\u6784\u8026\u5408\u7684\u95ee\u9898;\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762, \u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u53d1\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u89c2\u5bdf\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4ecd\u7136\u5904\u4e8e\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e2d, \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4, \u5730\u65b9\u6027\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u8bf8\u5982\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u5728\u6211\u56fd, \u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u5316\u662f\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6f14\u8fdb (\u81ea\u6211\u89c2\u5bdf) \u7d27\u5bc6\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u3002\u800c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u5171\u540c\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u969c\u788d, \u800c\u662f\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u4e5f\u80fd\u53d1\u6325\u63a8\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\/\u73af\u5883\u533a\u5206\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5927\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6613\u8a00\u4e4b, \u5168\u7403\u5316\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u7cfb\u7edf\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784\u8026\u5408, \u5730\u65b9\u6027\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u5316\u5219\u9700\u8981\u6269\u5927\u81ea\u6211\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u73af\u5883\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u800c\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u6f14\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d, \u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u90fd\u80fd\u8d77\u5230\u6b63\u9762\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u6210\u4e3a\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u6f14\u8fdb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6fc0\u53d1\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u5236\u5ea6\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u4e94\u3001\u4e2a\u4f53\u610f\u8bc6\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6574\u5408:\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65f6\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f<\/p>\n

\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0a\u6587\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u65e2\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u5171\u540c\u9047\u5230\u7684\u96be\u9898, \u4e5f\u6709\u81ea\u8eab\u793e\u4f1a\u8f6c\u578b\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u906d\u9047\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u5316\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u4f5c\u5c01\u95ed\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u3002\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4f7f\u5f97\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u6211\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e0e\u6307\u6d89\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u66f4\u4e3a\u8fc5\u6377, \u4e0d\u8fc7\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d1\u5c55, \u7cfb\u7edf\/\u73af\u5883\u533a\u5206\u6240\u80fd\u627f\u8f7d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e5f\u5728\u6025\u901f\u589e\u957f, \u4ece\u800c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u7cfb\u7edf\u6096\u8bba\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784\u8026\u5408\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u51f8\u663e\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a, \u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u8fd8\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5206\u5316 (\u5c01\u95ed) \u8fdb\u7a0b\u540c\u6b65\u5c55\u5f00, \u4ece\u800c\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u4e0b, \u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6f14\u5316, \u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5206\u5316\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4f9d\u9760\u5355\u4e00\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f62\u6210\u793e\u4f1a\u5171\u8bc6, \u8fdb\u800c\u89e3\u51b3\u793e\u4f1a\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u6a21\u5f0f\u65e0\u6cd5\u6ee1\u8db3\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u590d\u6742\u6027\u548c\u5076\u5728\u6027\u7684\u589e\u957f\u3002\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b, \u201c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u516c\u5171\u4f20\u64ad\u4e3b\u4f53\u53ca\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u6570\u91cf\u66b4\u6da8\u8fd9\u4e00\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u53d8\u5316, \u5c31\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u624b\u6bb5\u96be\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7f51\u7edc\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u63a7\u5236\u201d (\u9646\u5b87\u5cf0, 2014:30) \u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u8eab\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u589e\u957f\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5982\u4f55\u4ea7\u751f\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u6d89, \u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5171\u540c\u6f14\u8fdb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5982\u4f55\u4ea7\u751f\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u8026\u5408\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u80fd\u591f\u5438\u7eb3\u7531\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u591a\u5143\u4e0e\u5bb9\u91cf\u7684\u589e\u957f, \u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3001\u8d23\u4efb\u4e0e\u529f\u80fd\u88ab\u5206\u6563\u5230\u5404\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u6f14\u8fdb\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u52a8\u529b\u8574\u85cf\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u6211\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e0e\u8fd0\u4f5c\u5c01\u95ed\u4e2d\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u524d\u8ff0\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e5f\u53d1\u73b0, \u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u6211\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a, \u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u9762\u4e34\u5982\u4f55\u534f\u8c03\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\u589e\u957f\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u5316\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\/\u73af\u5883\u533a\u5206\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4efb\u4f55\u793e\u4f1a\u65b0\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u90fd\u80fd\u591f\u4ea7\u751f\u6210\u529f\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a, \u4e5f\u5e76\u975e\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u80fd\u591f\u5f97\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u8ba4\u540c, \u66f4\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u5728\u6570\u91cf\u4e0a\u7684\u589e\u957f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u800c\u8a00\u90fd\u662f\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u524d\u8ff0\u6709\u5173\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u671f\u671b\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u6240\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9700\u8981\u6b63\u89c6\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u5c40\u9650, \u800c\u4e14\u5bf9\u7f51\u7edc\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u589e\u957f\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u5f62\u6210\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u6709\u6240\u5173\u7167\u3002\u800c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u5219\u662f\u5bf9\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5bf9\u7f51\u7edc\u7a7a\u95f4\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u89c4\u5236, \u4ee5\u53ca\u89c4\u5236\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u548c\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u56de\u5e94\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4f53\u610f\u8bc6\u5904\u4e8e\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u6210\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206, \u5176\u662f\u5426\u6700\u7ec8\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5165\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5219\u9700\u8981\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u7b26\u7801\u548c\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u8f6c\u5316\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u8a00\u8bba, \u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u7ecf\u8fc7\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fdb\u884c\u7b5b\u9009\u4e4b\u540e\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u6211\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0, \u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u7b5b\u9009\u9700\u8981\u65f6\u95f4, \u800c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e2d\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u589e\u957f\u5219\u8fdc\u8fdc\u5feb\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u8eab\u80fd\u591f\u8fdb\u884c\u73af\u5883\/\u7cfb\u7edf\u533a\u5206\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u3002\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5a92\u4ecb\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e2a\u4f53\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u4e4b\u95f4\u8f6c\u5316\u95ee\u9898\u51f8\u663e\u3002\u800c\u4e14, \u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4fe1\u606f\u5177\u6709\u201c\u672a\u5206\u5316\u201d\u7684\u7279\u70b9, \u5bf9\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u5927\u4f17\u800c\u8a00, \u8bb8\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u6027\u548c\u6c9f\u901a\u610f\u4e49, \u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5f97\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4f53\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u6fc0\u6270\u9762\u4e34\u963b\u65ad\u7684\u5371\u9669\u3002\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u5316\u201d\u3001\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u5316\u201d\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0e\u6c34\u5e73\u63d0\u5347\u3002\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6781\u7aef\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u53cd\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u751a\u81f3\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u7834\u574f\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4f53\u793e\u4f1a\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u89c6\u89d2\u51fa\u53d1, \u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u4e0d\u4ec5\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5982\u4f55\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u6211\u89c2\u5bdf, \u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e5f\u9762\u4e34\u5bf9\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u89c4\u5236\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u9700\u8981\u73af\u5883\/\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u5c55\u5f00, \u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u5ef6\u4f38\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u5a92\u4ecb\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7, \u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u98a0\u8986\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u610f\u6db5\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u5316\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u6761\u4ef6, \u800c\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u4fdd\u6301\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u6d89\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u5c01\u95ed\u4e0e\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f00\u653e\u4e92\u76f8\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65ad\u6f14\u8fdb\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u89c2\u5bdf\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\u610f\u8bc6\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u7ed3\u679c, \u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u901a\u8fc7\u7f51\u7edc\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u6216\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u548c\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u6211\u5c01\u95ed\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u51b2\u51fb, \u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u8fc7\u4e8c\u9636\u89c2\u5bdf\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u6027\u548c\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e5f\u96be\u514d\u4e0d\u53d7\u5230\u51b2\u51fb\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u7f51\u7edc\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u9020\u6210\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6839\u6e90, \u800c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u95f4\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4f53\u610f\u8bc6\u4e4b\u95f4\u539f\u6709\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u6fc0\u6270\u3002\u5362\u66fc\u7b49\u4eba\u5728\u4e2a\u4f53\u610f\u8bc6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u95f4\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7ec4\u7ec7 (organization) \u7684\u6982\u5ff5, \u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u7f13\u89e3\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u4e4b\u95f4\u51b2\u7a81\u3001\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u6709\u6548\u573a\u57df (Luhmann, 1982:75-76) \u3002\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6c9f\u901a, \u4f46\u662f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u66f4\u4e3a\u7075\u6d3b, \u4e5f\u80fd\u591f\u6839\u636e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4e8b\u9879\u3001\u5229\u76ca\u4e0e\u4efb\u52a1\u4ea7\u751f, \u8fdb\u800c\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u65e0\u6cd5\u6709\u6548\u5904\u7406\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4fe1\u606f\u8fdb\u884c\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u53cd\u6620;\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u4ea7\u751f, \u7ec4\u7ec7\u5177\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3001\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u4eba\u5458\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u4f18\u52bf, \u4ece\u800c\u5728\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f, \u7ec4\u7ec7\u5177\u6709\u8de8\u8d8a\u5355\u4e00\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u5f62\u6001, \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4, \u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a, \u5e76\u4e14\u901a\u8fc7\u7ec4\u7ec7\u51b3\u7b56\u548c\u51b3\u7b56\u524d\u63d0 (decision premises) \u7684\u6784\u5efa, \u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u793e\u4f1a\u6c9f\u901a\u8fdb\u884c\u6574\u5408\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d, \u4e0d\u4ec5\u5b58\u5728\u57fa\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u88c1\u5224\u8fc7\u7a0b, \u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u3001\u57fa\u4e8e\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u6240\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6cbb\u7406\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u5728\u6211\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662\u4e2d, \u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u8bc1\u89c4\u5219\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u7edf\u4e00 (\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e5f\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u53f8\u6cd5\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027) , \u6cd5\u5f8b\u6c9f\u901a\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u6c9f\u901a\u5728\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u7684\u5e76\u5b58\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64, \u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0b\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u81ea\u521b\u751f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u81ea\u521b\u751f, \u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e00\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7b26\u7801\u6216\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u6027\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u5e76\u91cd\u6784\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7f51\u7edc\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u201c\u672a\u5206\u5316\u201d\u72b6\u6001\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fe1\u606f\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u53d8\u5f02\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u660e\u663e\u52a0\u5feb, \u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c6\u89d2\u5c06\u65e0\u6cd5\u5bf9\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u9700\u6c42\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u5728\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0a, \u5e94\u5f53\u5229\u7528\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d44\u6e90, \u6574\u5408\u7acb\u6cd5 (\u653f\u6cbb\u51b3\u7b56) \u3001\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u8206\u8bba (\u5a92\u4f53) \u3001\u6c11\u95f4\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5171\u540c\u53c2\u4e0e\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u4e2d\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u4e0b\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u8bba (cybernetics) \u601d\u60f3\u5728\u4e8e:\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u548c\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u5206\u6563\u3002\u5f53\u7136, \u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u3001\u54c8\u8d1d\u9a6c\u65af\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u6c9f\u901a (processual communication) , \u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u591a\u91cd\u4fe1\u606f\u8282\u70b9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6761\u4ef6, \u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u8bf8\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u6027\u89c4\u8303\u7eb3\u5165\u8fdb\u6765, \u4f7f\u5f97\u7f51\u7edc\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6c9f\u901a\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6563\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u51b3\u7b56\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u6846\u67b6, \u53ef\u4ee5\u8d85\u8d8a\u4f20\u7edf\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6ce8\u91cd\u5782\u76f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u524d\u63d0\u6784\u5efa, \u4ece\u800c\u66f4\u52a0\u6ce8\u91cd\u6c34\u5e73\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u524d\u63d0\u4e0e\u51b3\u7b56\u60c5\u5883 (decision situation) \u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4, \u5728\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a, \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u76d1\u7763\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u5404\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u80b2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u673a\u5236\u53ca\u5176\u5b9e\u4f53\u6027\u5185\u5bb9, \u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u786e\u7684\u201c\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u201d, \u4e5f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u201c\u6267\u6cd5\u8005\u201d\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762, \u51b3\u7b56\u4e0e\u51b3\u7b56\u524d\u63d0\u5728\u6c34\u5e73\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0e\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cbb\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u548c\u5206\u79bb, \u66f4\u591a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8bf8\u9886\u57df\u81ea\u6211\u89c4\u5236\u8301\u751f\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4, \u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6784\u5efa, \u4e5f\u4f1a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u6d89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6291\u5236\u3002\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u673a\u5236\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e3a\u5404\u79cd\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5145\u5206\u7684\u81ea\u7531, \u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u52a0\u901f\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c9f\u901a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u53ca\u5176\u81ea\u6211\u534f\u8c03, \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u8bf8\u9886\u57df\u5982\u4f55\u89c2\u5bdf\u5b83\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u81ea\u6211\u6291\u5236\u7531\u6b64\u6210\u4e3a\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u6784\u5efa\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u73af\u8282\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u5f53\u7136, \u8fd9\u5e76\u975e\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8fde\u63a5\u5404\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u90e8\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5177\u6709\u5438\u7eb3\u5404\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u540c\u6c9f\u901a\u7406\u6027\u3001\u7b26\u7801\u4e43\u81f3\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u80fd\u529b, \u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u4e3a\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65f6\u4ee3\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u6e20\u9053\u3002\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u89c4\u8303\u6027, \u800c\u975e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u8ba4\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u4e4b\u5b58\u5728\u610f\u4e49, \u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u5916\u90e8\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u89c6\u89d2, \u5bf9\u5404\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u89c4\u5236\u6240\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e88\u4ee5\u5f25\u8865\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4, \u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406, \u5305\u62ec\u56fd\u5bb6 (\u653f\u6cbb) \u6cbb\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1\u65b9\u5411\u5728\u4e8e\u4ece\u4e00\u79cd\u5168\u77e5\u5168\u80fd\u578b\u7684\u7ba1\u5236 (regulation) \u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u8865\u5145\u6027\u7684\u3001\u5177\u6709\u5916\u90e8\u9650\u6743\u6027 (limitative) \u7684\u89c4\u8303\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5916\u90e8\u89c4\u5236\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u6784\u5efa\u4e2d, \u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4f9d\u7136\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728, \u53ea\u662f\u5176\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5c06\u4f1a\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u4e0a\u8ff0\u663e\u8457\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6765\u4e34\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f7f\u5f97\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5b66\u80fd\u591f\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d7\u5230\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u91cd\u89c6, \u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f, \u8fd9\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e\u51b3\u7b56\u81ea\u521b\u751f\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7406\u8bba, \u4e5f\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cbb\u7406\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u673a\u5236\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u667a\u8bc6\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e5f\u5c06\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u52a8\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u6e05\u695a, \u8fd9\u79cd\u53d8\u52a8\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u671d\u4e00\u5915\u5c31\u53ef\u5b8c\u6210, \u56e0\u4e3a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6784\u5efa\u5e76\u975e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6307\u6d89\u5efa\u7acb\u521d\u671f\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u51b3\u7b56, \u56e0\u4e3a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5ef6\u7eed\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u5ef6\u7eed\u548c\u9012\u5f52, \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4, \u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u770b\u6765, \u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9759\u6001\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u673a\u5236, \u800c\u662f\u968f\u65f6\u6839\u636e\u5177\u4f53\u4e8b\u4ef6\u548c\u60c5\u5883\u8c03\u6574\u7ec4\u7ec7\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u8fd0\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u573a\u57df\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u663e\u8457\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u76f8\u5e94\u7684, \u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u89c6\u90a3\u4e9b\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u53c2\u4e0e\u5ea6, \u4e5f\u66f4\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u6211\u6291\u5236\u6548\u679c\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a, \u5404\u79cd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u8fde\u63a5 (connectivity) \u7684\u529f\u80fd, \u4ece\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u5177\u6709\u201c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6027\u201d, \u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u201c\u6784\u6210\u6027\u201d (constitution) \u610f\u4e49\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4, \u5f15\u5165\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5, \u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u5c06\u6269\u5c55\u4f20\u7edf\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7406 (constitutionalism) \u7684\u610f\u6db5\u548c\u8303\u56f4, \u5c06\u9650\u6743\u6027\u89c4\u8303\u4e0e\u6784\u6210\u6027\u89c4\u8303\u89c6\u4e3a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u95f4\u8054\u5408\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8bc6\u522b\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u51b3\u7b56\u53ca\u5176\u81ea\u521b\u751f\u3001\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u4e0e\u975e\u5782\u76f4\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u89c4\u5236\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ca\u5176\u4e92\u52a8\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5bf9\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u4e0a\u8ff0\u96be\u9898\u7684\u4e00\u6761\u53ef\u884c\u4e4b\u8def\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/p>\n

[]\u9648\u6c1a, 2015, \u300a\u6743\u529b\u7684\u9690\u8eab\u672f–\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6280\u672f\u9690\u55bb\u300b, \u300a\u798f\u5efa\u8bba\u575b\u300b (\u4eba\u6587\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7248) \u7b2c2\u671f\u3002<\/a> <\/p>\n

[]\u675c\u5efa\u8363, 2012, :\u300a\u5362\u66fc\u6cd5\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76–\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u95ee\u9898\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u300b, \u5317\u4eac:\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/a> <\/p>\n

[]\u9ad8\u5ba3\u626c, 2005, \u300a\u9c81\u66fc\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u300b, \u5317\u4eac:\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/a> <\/p>\n

[]\u5218\u6d9b, 2016, \u300a\u7eb3\u5165\u4e0e\u6392\u9664–\u5362\u66fc\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u6f14\u8fdb\u9636\u6bb5\u300b, \u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c1\u671f\u3002<\/a> <\/p>\n

[]\u5362\u66fc, 2013, \u300a\u6cd5\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u300b, \u5bbe\u51ef\u3001\u8d75\u6625\u71d5\u8bd1, \u4e0a\u6d77:\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/a> <\/p>\n

[]\u9646\u5b87\u5cf0, 2014, \u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7f51\u7edc\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df:\u529f\u80fd\u3001\u5f02\u5316\u4e0e\u89c4\u5236\u300b, \u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6cd5\u5b66\u300b\u7b2c4\u671f\u3002<\/a> <\/p>\n

[]\u5b63\u536b\u4e1c, 2006, \u300a\u7f51\u7edc\u5316\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u620f\u4eff\u4e0e\u516c\u5e73\u7ade\u4e89–\u5173\u4e8e\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u5206\u6790\u300b, \u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u300b\u7b2c3\u671f\u3002<\/a> <\/p>\n

[]\u91d1\u89c2\u6d9b, 2015, \u300a\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5de8\u955c\u300b, \u5317\u4eac:\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/a> <\/p>\n

[]\u6258\u4f9d\u5e03\u7eb3, 2012, \u300a\u9b54\u9635\u00b7\u5265\u524a\u00b7\u5f02\u5316:\u6258\u4f9d\u5e03\u7eb3\u6cd5\u5f8b\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u6587\u96c6\u300b, \u6cee\u4f1f\u6c5f\u7b49\u8bd1, \u5317\u4eac:\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/a> <\/p>\n

[]\u6258\u4f9d\u5e03\u7eb3, 2016, \u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u788e\u7247:\u5168\u7403\u793e\u4f1a\u5baa\u6cbb\u300b, \u9646\u5b87\u5cf0\u8bd1, \u7eaa\u6d77\u9f99\u6821, \u5317\u4eac:\u4e2d\u592e\u7f16\u8bd1\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/a> <\/p>\n

[]\u738b\u7ed3\u53d1, 2014, \u300a\u5236\u5ea6\u8ba4\u540c\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u300b, \u300a\u884c\u653f\u4e0e\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c5\u671f\u3002<\/a> <\/p>\n

[]Alexander, Jeffrey C.2006.The Civil Sphere.Oxford:Oxford University Press.<\/a> <\/p>\n

[]Borch, Christian.2011.Niklas Luhmann.London:Taylor&Francis.<\/a> <\/p>\n

[]Campbell, Donald T.1965.”Variation and Selective Retention in Socio-Cultural Evolution.”Social Change in Developing Areas:AReinterpretation of Evolutionary Theory 19.<\/a> <\/p>\n

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