{"id":9294,"date":"2017-08-24T14:15:00","date_gmt":"2017-08-24T06:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/?p=7407"},"modified":"2022-07-12T13:28:14","modified_gmt":"2022-07-12T05:28:14","slug":"%e5%ae%9e%e7%94%a8%e4%b8%93%e4%b8%9a%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89%e5%b9%bf%e5%b7%9e%e5%b8%82%e5%ae%b6%e5%ba%ad%e7%bb%bc%e5%90%88%e6%9c%8d%e5%8a%a1%e4%b8%ad%e5%bf%83%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a%e5%b7%a5%e4%bd%9c%e8%80%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/?p=9294","title":{"rendered":"\u5b9e\u7528\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u53ca\u5176\u903b\u8f91"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u96f7\u6770 \u9ec4\u5a49\u6021 \u4e2d\u5c71\u5927\u5b66&nbsp; \u793e\u4f1a 2017,01(37),211-241 <\/p>\n<p>\u6458 \u8981\uff1a\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u627e\u51fa\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u53ca\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5224\u5b9a\u903b\u8f91\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u8fd0\u7528\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1,\u8ba9\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7701\u9ad8\u6821\u6559\u80b2\u754c\u548c\u5b9e\u52a1\u754c\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u53c2\u8003\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9999\u6e2f\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b,\u9009\u62e9\u5176\u4e2d\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6307\u6807\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u663e\u793a,\u5171\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u4f26\u7406\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u5b9e\u52a1\u6280\u5de7\u7b493\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762,\u5408\u8ba124\u9879\u80fd\u529b\u6307\u6807\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u672c\u5730\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e13\u5bb6\u5224\u5b9a\u903b\u8f91,\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u8fd8\u53d1\u73b0\u8be5\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u503e\u5411,\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u72ac\u5112\u601d\u60f3\u201d\u201c\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6280\u672f\u5316\u201d\u7b49\u7279\u5f81\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c; \u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b; \u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1; \u6a21\u7cca\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5; <\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u3001\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u63d0\u51fa <\/p>\n<p>\u8fd1\u5341\u5e74\u6765,\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc5\u901f\u3002\u622a\u81f32014\u5e74\u5e74\u5e95,\u5168\u56fd\u6301\u8bc1\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u5df2\u8fbe15.9\u4e07\u4eba\u3002\u53e6\u5916,\u5168\u56fd\u9ad8\u6821\u5df2\u6709104\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e13\u4e1a\u7855\u58eb\u70b9,310\u6240\u672c\u79d1\u9662\u6821\u548c70\u591a\u6240\u9ad8\u804c\u9662\u6821\u62db\u6536\u4e13\u4e1a\u5b66\u751f,\u6bcf\u5e74\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u8fd13\u4e07\u4eba\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c,\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u624d\u961f\u4f0d\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u63d0\u5347\u5e76\u4e0d\u5982\u6570\u91cf\u589e\u957f\u90a3\u4e48\u663e\u8457\u3002\u4f8b\u5982,\u6731\u5065\u521a\u548c\u9648\u5b89\u5a1c(2013)\u5728\u5bf9\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u4e2a\u6848\u5206\u6790\u540e\u8ba4\u4e3a,\u4e13\u4e1a\u793e\u5de5\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6210\u6548\u8fd8\u4e0d\u5982\u672c\u571f\u7684\u793e\u533a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005,\u7ed9\u5d4c\u5165\u5f0f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u53d1\u5c55\u6cfc\u4e86\u4e00\u76c6\u51b7\u6c34\u30022013\u5e74,\u5e7f\u5dde\u6709\u4e3b\u6d41\u5a92\u4f53\u62a5\u9053\u4e86\u201c\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u5165\u4e86\u8d44\u91d1\u5374\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u592a\u5927\u6210\u6548\u3001\u5e02\u6c11\u7f34\u4ea4\u7a0e\u6b3e\u5374\u4eab\u53d7\u4e0d\u5230\u592a\u591a\u670d\u52a1\u201d\u7684\u56f0\u5883,\u6307\u51fa\u201c\u8ba9\u5185\u5730\u793e\u5de5\u611f\u5230\u538b\u529b\u5927\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u4e8e\u80fd\u529b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6b20\u7f3a\u201d\u30022014\u5e74,\u53e6\u4e00\u4e3b\u6d41\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u62a5\u9053\u66f4\u662f\u65ad\u8a00,\u201c\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u793e\u5de5\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u7d20\u8d28\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u8db3\u591f\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u201d\u3002\u738b\u601d\u658c(2015)\u5bf9\u6b64\u64b0\u6587\u56de\u5e94,\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5236\u7ea6\u4e2d\u56fd\u5148\u8fdb\u5730\u533a\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1,\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u7d20\u8d28\u662f\u51b3\u5b9a\u670d\u52a1\u6210\u6548\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20,\u751a\u81f3\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u4e13\u4e1a\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u80fd\u5426\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u88ab\u627f\u8ba4\u548c\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u4f46\u662f,\u76ee\u524d\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c1a\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6e05\u6670\u3001\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u884c\u4e1a\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u53f8(2004)\u66fe\u5236\u5b9a11\u95e8\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u5e72\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u5927\u7eb2,\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5927\u7eb2\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5177\u4f53\u6307\u51fa\u8981\u57f9\u517b\u54ea\u4e9b\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4eba\u4e8b\u90e8\u548c\u6c11\u653f\u90e8\u4e5f\u6709\u5bf9\u52a9\u7406\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5e08\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5e08\u7684\u201c\u804c\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u8fdb\u884c\u6982\u62ec,\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u62ec\u975e\u5e38\u7b80\u5355\u3002\u4f8b\u5982,\u52a9\u7406\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5e08\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u4ec5\u5305\u62ec: <\/p>\n<p>(\u4e00)\u719f\u6089\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e1a\u52a1\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u6cd5\u89c4\u3001\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u884c\u4e1a\u7ba1\u7406\u89c4\u5b9a,\u638c\u63e1\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6; <\/p>\n<p>(\u4e8c)\u80fd\u591f\u4e0e\u5404\u7c7b\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61\u5efa\u7acb\u4e13\u4e1a\u670d\u52a1\u5173\u7cfb,\u5bf9\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u505a\u51fa\u9884\u4f30,\u5236\u5b9a\u670d\u52a1\u8ba1\u5212\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u534f\u8bae,\u72ec\u7acb\u63a5\u6848\u3001\u7ed3\u6848\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u8ddf\u8fdb\u670d\u52a1; <\/p>\n<p>(\u4e09)\u80fd\u591f\u6839\u636e\u670d\u52a1\u8ba1\u5212,\u8fd0\u7528\u4e13\u4e1a\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u6280\u672f\u534f\u52a9\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u4e3a\u4e86\u586b\u8865\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u201c\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u754c\u5b9a\u7684\u7a7a\u767d,\u7b14\u8005\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u89e3\u7b54\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u95ee\u9898:\u9ad8\u6821\u6559\u80b2\u754c\u548c\u5b9e\u52a1\u754c\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u5e94\u5177\u5907\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b?\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u9996\u5148\u8fdb\u884c\u6587\u732e\u56de\u987e,\u6982\u62ec\u897f\u65b9\u80fd\u529b\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u5176\u6b21,\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u6700\u540e,\u6839\u636e\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u5377\u7ed3\u679c,\u63d0\u51fa\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u6307\u6807\u3002\u540c\u65f6,\u8fd8\u4f1a\u7ed3\u5408\u8bbf\u8c08\u6750\u6599,\u68b3\u7406\u672c\u5730\u4e13\u5bb6\u9009\u62e9\/\u4e0d\u9009\u62e9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80fd\u529b\u6307\u6807\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u4e8c\u3001\u6587\u732e\u56de\u987e<\/p>\n<p>(\u4e00)\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u80cc\u666f<\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u60f3\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u672c\u8d28,\u5c31\u8981\u5148\u4e86\u89e3\u76f8\u5173\u7814\u7a76\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u4ece\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa,\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u798f\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6539\u9769\u7d27\u5bc6\u76f8\u8fde\u7684\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b,\u4ee5\u6492\u5207\u5c14\u592b\u4eba\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u5728\u6267\u653f\u540e\u6781\u529b\u63a8\u884c\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6539\u9769\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762,\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8981\u5c06\u5e02\u573a\u673a\u5236\u5f15\u5165\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1,\u4f8b\u5982,\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f,\u8ba9\u975e\u8425\u5229\u673a\u6784,\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u4f01\u4e1a\u6765\u627f\u63a5\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762,\u653f\u5e9c\u5e94\u5f3a\u8c03\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u201c\u7ecf\u6d4e(economy)\u3001\u6709\u6548(effective)\u548c\u6548\u7387(effeciency)\u201d,\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cd\u70b9\u9700\u653e\u5728\u76d1\u7763\u548c\u8bc4\u4f30\u8d44\u52a9\u670d\u52a1\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4ea7\u51fa\u548c\u6210\u6548\u4e0a( )\u3002\u7531\u5e03\u83b1\u5c14\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u65b0\u5de5\u515a\u57281997\u5e74\u6267\u653f\u540e\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u505a\u6cd5,\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u201d\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\u8ba4\u4e3a,\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u652f\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u3001\u81ea\u4fe1\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u961f\u4f0d\u662f\u63d0\u9ad8\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u95ee\u8d23\u6027\u548c\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4e3e\u63aa\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u800c\u5f53\u65f6\u82f1\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u6070\u6070\u5728\u4e8e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8d44\u683c\u8ba4\u8bc1\u3001\u884c\u4e1a\u6807\u51c6\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u5b88\u5219\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64,\u5982\u4f55\u57f9\u517b\u548c\u89c4\u7ba1\u5177\u5907\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u9996\u8981\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u82f1\u56fdCCETSW(Central Council for Education and Training in Social Work)1995\u5e74\u5168\u529b\u63a8\u884c\u201c\u4ee5\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411\u201d\u7684\u65b0\u5927\u4e13\u8bfe\u7a0b,\u4ee5\u53d6\u4ee3\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u8d44\u683c\u8ba4\u8bc1\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u81ea2001\u5e74\u8d77,CCETSW\u88ab\u56db\u4e2a\u5730\u533a(\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u3001\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u3001\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u548c\u5317\u7231\u5c14\u5170)\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u884c\u4e1a\u534f\u4f1a\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002\u4f8b\u5982,\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u7531GSCC(General Social Care Council)\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002GSCC\u81ea2002\u5e74\u8d77\u89c4\u5b9a,\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u793e\u5de5\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u7b26\u5408\u5176\u8ba4\u8bc1\u7684\u9ad8\u6821\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u672c\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u5b66\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u4ee5\u540e,\u624d\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u8fdb\u884c\u6ce8\u518c\u30022012\u5e74,GSCC\u5408\u5e76\u5230HCPC(Health and Care Professions Council),\u7531HCPC\u7ee7\u7eed\u6267\u884c\u5bf9\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u89c4\u7ba1\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1,\u5f53\u897f\u65b9\u798f\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u5927\u529b\u63a8\u884c\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u540e,\u798f\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u9010\u6e10\u5c06\u8d44\u52a9\u8005\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u63d0\u4f9b\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u5206\u79bb,\u5e76\u5f00\u59cb\u7740\u91cd\u4e8e\u76d1\u7ba1\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u8981\u6c42\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u627f\u62c5\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u673a\u6784\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6807\u51c6,\u4ece\u800c\u8ba9\u516c\u5171\u8d22\u653f\u5177\u5907\u95ee\u8d23\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u5019,\u8bc4\u5224\u516c\u5171\u95ee\u8d23\u6027\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u4ece\u4ee5\u5f80\u201c\u8d39\u8fb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u8005\u6240\u63a8\u5d07\u7684\u201c\u5e73\u7b49\u201d(equality)\u3001\u201c\u535a\u7231\u201d(fellowship)\u548c\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u8ba1\u5212\u201d(social planning)( )\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u201c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u201d\u201c\u6709\u6548\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6548\u7387\u201d\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u6240\u50ac\u751f\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b,\u65e0\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u5e26\u6709\u5de5\u5177\u7406\u6027\u7684\u70d9\u5370\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>(\u4e8c)\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0e\u5185\u5bb9<\/p>\n<p>\u9488\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b,\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u6587\u732e\u4e00\u822c\u4ece\u4e24\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u5f3a\u8c03\u5176\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982,\u7ef4\u65af( )\u5c06\u201c\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u754c\u5b9a\u4e3a\u201c\u5b9e\u52a1\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u627f\u62c5\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8,\u800c\u4e14\u6709\u4fe1\u5fc3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u7ed3\u679c\u5c06\u4f1a\u662f\u6b32\u60f3\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u201d\u3002\u9c8d\u53e4( )\u8ba4\u4e3a,\u201c\u80fd\u529b\u53cd\u6620\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u7acb\u573a;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7acb\u573a\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5728\u67d0\u65f6\u523b,\u4e13\u4e1a\u6240\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u793e\u533a\u6b32\u60f3\u8fbe\u5230\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u540e\u679c\u6240\u9700\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u201d\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u5219\u66f4\u7740\u91cd\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5f53\u82f1\u56fdCCETSW\u4e8e1995\u5e74\u63a8\u884c\u201c\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa,\u201c\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u6280\u5de7\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u987b\u5c06\u8bc1\u660e\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fbe\u5230\u5b9e\u52a1\u6807\u51c6,\u6574\u5408\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ef7\u503c,\u83b7\u5f97\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u77e5\u8bc6,\u53cd\u601d\u548c\u6279\u5224\u5206\u6790\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b9e\u52a1,\u5c06\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u6280\u5de7\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u8fd0\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9e\u52a1\u4e2d\u201d\u3002\u9c8d\u53e4\u7b49( )\u8ba4\u4e3a,\u201c\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u662f\u201c\u4f9d\u9760\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u590d\u6742\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u6280\u5de7\u548c\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u62e5\u6709,\u5e76\u5230\u8fbe\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u4e13\u4e1a\u6709\u6548\u4ece\u4e1a\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u82f1\u6587\u6587\u732e\u90fd\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u64cd\u4f5c\u5316\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5185\u5bb9,\u627e\u51fa\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6307\u6807\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005,CCETSW\u5217\u51fa\u516d\u79cd\u6838\u5fc3\u80fd\u529b:\u6c9f\u901a\u4e0e\u53c2\u4e0e\u3001\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e0e\u4f7f\u80fd\u3001\u9884\u4f30\u4e0e\u8ba1\u5212\u3001\u4ecb\u5165\u4e0e\u63d0\u4f9b\u670d\u52a1\u3001\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u91cc\u5de5\u4f5c\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u7ef4\u65af( )\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u516d\u79cd\u6838\u5fc3\u80fd\u529b,\u64cd\u4f5c\u5316\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b24\u9879\u7c7b\u522b\u548c170\u9879\u6307\u6807\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u9c8d\u53e4( )\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u5305\u62ec\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u5185\u5bb9,\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u201c\u540e\u8bbe\u80fd\u529b\u201d(\u5305\u62ec\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\/\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\/\u4e13\u4e1a\u7279\u8d28\u3001\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0e\u4f26\u7406)\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981,\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u201c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u80fd\u529b\u201d(\u5305\u62ec\u9884\u4f30\u3001\u4ecb\u5165\u3001\u6c9f\u901a)\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u9488\u5bf9\u4e13\u957f\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u80fd\u529b,\u56fd\u5916\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u7ecf\u5173\u6ce8\u5230\u957f\u8005\u3001\u513f\u7ae5\u4fdd\u62a4\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u3002\u4f8b\u5982,\u7f57\u68ee\u7b49(Rosen,et al.,2000)\u901a\u8fc7\u95ee\u5377\u8c03\u67e5\u53d1\u73b0,\u4ece\u4e8b\u957f\u8005\u9886\u57df\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u5e94\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u6280\u5de7\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e09\u65b9\u9762\u5177\u590735\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u9648\u4e43\u817e(\u97f3)\u7b49( )\u5206\u522b\u5bf9\u957f\u8005\u3001\u7167\u987e\u8005\u3001\u96c7\u4e3b\u3001\u793e\u5de5(\u5177\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u5b66\u5386)\u7b49\u7fa4\u4f53\u901a\u8fc7\u7126\u70b9\u5c0f\u7ec4\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f,\u53d1\u73b0\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4ece\u4e8b\u957f\u8005\u9886\u57df\u7684\u793e\u5de5\u63d0\u51fa\u8fe5\u5f02\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u514b\u62c9\u514b( )\u8fd0\u7528\u201c\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u548c\u201c\u7126\u70b9\u5c0f\u7ec4\u6cd5\u201d\u53d1\u73b0,\u513f\u7ae5\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u5e94\u5177\u5907\u516d\u9879\u80fd\u529b:\u5bf9\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u654f\u611f\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u3001\u6838\u5fc3\u513f\u7ae5\u798f\u5229\u6280\u5de7\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u6280\u5de7\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u573a\u6240\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u513f\u7ae5\u798f\u5229\u884c\u653f\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u7559\u610f\u7684\u662f,\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80fd\u529b\u5236\u5b9a\u51fa\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5927\u7eb2,\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5dde\u4e13\u95e8\u57f9\u517b\u4ece\u4e8b\u513f\u7ae5\u4fdd\u62a4\u9886\u57df\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7855\u58eb\u751f\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5174\u672a\u827e,\u4f46\u90fd\u8f83\u4e3a\u96f6\u6563\u3001\u7247\u9762\u5730\u5173\u6ce8\u67d0\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4ece\u88681\u7684\u5f52\u7eb3\u53ef\u89c1,\u6700\u591a\u8c08\u53ca\u7684\u662f\u5b9e\u52a1\u6280\u5de7,\u5176\u6b21\u662f\u4ef7\u503c\u4f26\u7406\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6,\u6700\u5c11\u7684\u662f\u53cd\u601d\u610f\u8bc6\u3002 <\/p>\n<p><a>\u4e0b\u8f7d\u539f\u8868<\/a> <\/p>\n<p>\u88681:\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u7814\u7a76 <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u88681:\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\" src=\"http:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/KXReader\/Detail\/GetImg?filename=images\/1701qb04307_9_69600.jpg&amp;uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkcGkxU3VwdG91eFRiVTY0RllkTFpHSy9COD0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!\" width=\"618\" height=\"360\"\/> <\/p>\n<p>\u88681:\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u7814\u7a76 <\/p>\n<p>(\u4e09)\u5bf9\u73b0\u6709\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u732e\u7684\u6279\u8bc4<\/p>\n<p>\u5fc5\u987b\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u662f,\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u5bf9\u63d0\u9ad8\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u6027\u6709\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762,\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u6559\u80b2\u53ef\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bfe\u7a0b,\u786e\u4fdd\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u6bd5\u4e1a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5177\u5907\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u80fd\u529b;\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762,\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u80fd\u591f\u83b7\u5f97\u793e\u4f1a\u5927\u4f17\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u8ba4\u540c,\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u4e13\u4e1a\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u901a\u8fc7\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u6587\u732e\u56de\u987e,\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u80fd\u529b\u89c6\u89d2\u63d0\u51fa\u4e09\u70b9\u6279\u8bc4\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6279\u8bc4\u662f\u8981\u8b66\u60d5\u897f\u65b9\u80fd\u529b\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u201c\u5168\u7403\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u201d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982,\u4e3a\u4e86\u786e\u4fdd\u5b66\u751f\u5b8c\u6210\u793e\u5de5\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u540e\u4e00\u5b9a\u5177\u5907\u57fa\u672c\u80fd\u529b,HCPC\u8981\u6c42\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5fc5\u987b\u4f53\u73b0\u5341\u4e94\u9879\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u624d\u4f1a\u88ab\u8ba4\u53ef,\u8be5\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u624d\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u5728\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u767b\u8bb0\u6ce8\u518c\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u5de5\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u6bd5\u4e1a\u540e\u4e00\u822c\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u5404\u5dde\u7684\u8003\u8bd5\u540e\u624d\u80fd\u83b7\u53d6\u4ece\u4e1a\u6267\u7167,\u4f46\u5176\u89c4\u7ba1\u90e8\u95e8CSWE(Council on Social Work Education)\u4ecd\u7136\u8981\u6c42\u672c\u79d1\u548c\u7855\u58eb\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u9700\u8fbe\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u5341\u9879\u80fd\u529b\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u968f\u7740\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5316\u53d1\u5c55,\u80fd\u529b\u6807\u51c6\u751a\u81f3\u51fa\u73b0\u56fd\u9645\u6027\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002IASSW(International Association of Schools of Social Work)\u548cIFSW(International Federation of Social Workers)2004\u5e74\u5171\u540c\u9881\u5e03\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6807\u51c6\u300b,\u4e3a\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u57f9\u517b\u5b9a\u51fa\u65b9\u5411,\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u201c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b66\u751f\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u6700\u597d\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u8bad\u7ec3,\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7b26\u5408\u8981\u6c42\u540e\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u5728\u793e\u533a\u4e2d\u627f\u62c5\u8d23\u4efb\u201d\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c,\u4e00\u4e9b\u53c2\u4e0e\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u5236\u8ba2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u5374\u63d0\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u610f\u89c1,\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e94\u7531\u5404\u56fd\u81ea\u884c\u5236\u5b9a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6807\u51c6,\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9996\u5148\u5236\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u7403\u6027\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64,IASSW\u548cIFSW\u5728\u63a8\u884c\u5168\u7403\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u540c\u65f6,\u5efa\u8bae\u9700\u7559\u610f\u201c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5730\u533a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u5bf9\u8bdd\u201d\u548c\u201c\u786e\u4fdd\u5168\u7403\u6807\u51c6\u8981\u8003\u8651\u5404\u56fd\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u9700\u8981\u201d\u7b49\u51c6\u5219\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u845b\u745e( )\u8ba4\u4e3a,\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5411\u5168\u7403\u6269\u6563\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b,\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u897f\u65b9\u5316\u4e0e\u672c\u571f\u5316\u3001\u666e\u4e16\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u591a\u5143\u6587\u5316\u7b49\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u54c8\u7279\u5ef7\u65af\u548c\u6cf0\u52d2( )\u66f4\u4ee5\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e3a\u4f8b\u6307\u51fa,\u201c\u63a8\u52a8\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u8fc1\u201d\u201c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u95ee\u9898\u89e3\u51b3\u548c\u798f\u7949\u201d\u201c\u589e\u6743\u548c\u89e3\u653e\u201d\u201c\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883\u201d\u201c\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\u201d\u7b49\u57fa\u672c\u80fd\u529b\u90fd\u672a\u5fc5\u80fd\u591f\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u672c\u571f\u60c5\u666f\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u53f6\u9526\u6210( )\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6307\u51fa,\u5168\u7403\u6027\u6807\u51c6\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u4e2d\u56fd\u672c\u571f\u60c5\u666f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u6587\u5316\u51b2\u7a81:\u5168\u7403\u6027\u6807\u51c6\u9690\u542b\u7740\u201c\u6743\u5229\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u201d\u7b49\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u653e\u4e4b\u56db\u6d77\u800c\u7686\u51c6\u7684\u5047\u8bbe,\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\u5728\u91cd\u89c6\u201c\u7a33\u5b9a\u201d\u548c\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u201d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c31\u663e\u5f97\u5e76\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u3002\u7a0b\u80dc\u5229( )\u4ece\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\u6307\u51fa,\u73b0\u65f6\u897f\u65b9\u5173\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5,\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u5927\u591a\u673a\u68b0\u5730\u5957\u7528\u5168\u7403\u6807\u51c6\u6765\u6307\u5bfc\u6216\u8bc4\u5224\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5,\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8fd0\u7528\u8fa9\u8bc1\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bf9\u672c\u571f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u80fd\u529b\u8fdb\u884c\u68b3\u7406\u3002\u8d3e( )\u751a\u81f3\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u56e0\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4e0a\u7684\u8c2c\u8bef\u800c\u8bef\u89e3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u56fd\u60c5,\u4ee5\u53ca\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u53d1\u5c55\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6279\u8bc4\u6307\u51fa,\u80fd\u529b\u89c6\u89d2\u4f1a\u7ed9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5e26\u6765\u201c\u6280\u672f\u5316\u201d\u7684\u503e\u5411\u3002\u591a\u7c73\u5948\u8389( )\u63d0\u51fa\u5c16\u9510\u7684\u6279\u8bc4,\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u80fd\u529b\u89c6\u89d2\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e25\u91cd\u963b\u788d\u4ee5\u4eba\u4e3a\u672c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u969c\u788d\u201d\u3002\u5979\u63d0\u51fa,\u80fd\u529b\u89c6\u89d2\u5982\u201c\u6cf0\u52d2\u5236\u201d\u4e00\u822c,\u5c06\u539f\u672c\u6d51\u7136\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b66\u201d\u7b80\u5355\u8fd8\u539f\u6216\u788e\u7247\u5316\u81f3\u5404\u9879\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6280\u672f\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u80fd\u529b\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u793e\u5de5\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u597d\u6bd4\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u751f\u4ea7\u7ebf,\u628a\u5b66\u751f\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u52a8\u7684\u5ba2\u4f53,\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ea\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6559\u80b2\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u201c\u52a0\u5de5\u201d\u67d0\u51e0\u9879\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u80fd\u529b(\u6280\u672f)\u4e4b\u540e,\u5c31\u80fd\u201c\u4ea7\u51fa\u201d\u5408\u683c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u3002\u7136\u800c,\u8fd9\u79cd\u793e\u5de5\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u4e0d\u4f46\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u6027,\u8fd8\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u65e0\u6cd5\u638c\u63e1\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u3001\u6709\u673a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u6279\u8bc4\u8ba4\u4e3a,\u201c\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u201d\u5c06\u4f1a\u4e0e\u201c\u6280\u672f\u5316\u201d\u7d27\u5bc6\u76f8\u8fde\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6587\u6240\u8ff0,\u201c\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u897f\u65b9\u798f\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f15\u5165\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6539\u9769\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b,\u80fd\u529b\u89c6\u89d2\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u662f:\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6216\u6280\u672f\u540e,\u5c31\u80fd\u8ba9\u8d44\u52a9\u8005(\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u653f\u5e9c)\u5bf9\u5176\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u4fdd\u6301\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fc7\u5206\u770b\u91cd\u80fd\u529b(\u6280\u672f)\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4f1a\u8ba9\u8d44\u52a9\u8005\u3001\u673a\u6784\u7ba1\u7406\u8005,\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u524d\u7ebf\u793e\u5de5\u90fd\u4ee5\u4e3a,\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u89e3\u51b3\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u80fd\u529b(\u6280\u672f),\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u80cc\u540e\u6df1\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u56e0\u6b64,\u4e00\u4e9b\u5177\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u201d\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4f1a\u88ab\u201c\u6280\u672f\u5316\u201d\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6324\u5151\u3002\u96f7\u59c6\u6ce2\u745e( )\u4e3e\u4f8b\u8bf4,\u5f53\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u201c\u513f\u7ae5\u4fdd\u62a4\u201d\u5c97\u4f4d\u7684\u65f6\u5019,\u201c\u793e\u533a\u53d1\u5c55\u201d\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u8bad\u7ec3\u5c31\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u6392\u65a5\u5728\u4e3b\u6d41\u4e4b\u5916,\u800c\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d,\u8d22\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5316\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5374\u88ab\u5927\u529b\u5730\u6e32\u67d3\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u9488\u5bf9\u201c\u6280\u672f\u5316\u201d\u548c\u201c\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u201d,\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u6027\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002\u7ef4\u65af( )\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5404\u9879\u57fa\u672c\u80fd\u529b\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u65ad\u88c2\u7684,\u76f8\u53cd,\u4e00\u4e2a\u80dc\u4efb\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u6070\u6070\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e3b\u89c2\u80fd\u52a8\u6027\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80fd\u529b\u7edf\u5408\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u673a\u6574\u4f53:\u201c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u8fde\u7ed3\u7684;\u4e00\u4e2a\u80dc\u4efb\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u5448\u73b0\u4e0d\u540c\u80fd\u529b\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u5404\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u95f4\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e92\u52a8,\u7136\u540e\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u5171\u540c\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u5b9e\u52a1\u6548\u679c\u201d\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u5916,\u201c\u6279\u5224\u6027\u53cd\u601d\u201d\u5f3a\u8c03\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u8981\u4ece\u4ef7\u503c\u4f26\u7406\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u5b9e\u52a1\u6280\u5de7\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u53cd\u601d\u81ea\u8eab\u4e0e\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u673a\u6784\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u89c4\u8303\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb,\u4ece\u800c\u907f\u514d\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u843d\u5165\u201c\u6280\u672f\u5316\u201d\u548c\u201c\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u201d\u7684\u201c\u56da\u7262\u201d\u3002IASSW\u548cIFSW\u547c\u5401\u5168\u7403\u6807\u51c6\u201c\u5c24\u5176\u9700\u91cd\u89c6\u53d1\u5c55\u5177\u5907\u6279\u5224\u6027\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u53cd\u7701\u7684\u5b9e\u52a1\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u201d\u3002\u6b27\u54c8\u6839( )\u6307\u51fa,\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u6709\u63d0\u51fa\u5bf9\u201c\u53cd\u601d\u6027\u5b9e\u8df5\u201d(reflective practice)\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u8003\u5f7c( )\u8ba4\u4e3a,CSWE\u6700\u6210\u529f\u4e4b\u5904\u662f\u628a\u201c\u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u8003\u201d(critical thinking)\u7eb3\u5165\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb,\u8981\u6c42\u5b66\u751f\u4e0d\u65ad\u5728\u201c\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u201c\u53cd\u601d\u201d,\u953b\u70bc\u5bfb\u627e\u8bc1\u636e\u53bb\u652f\u6301\u4e13\u4e1a\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6587\u732e\u56de\u987e\u53ef\u77e5,\u201c\u897f\u65b9\u80fd\u529b\u89c6\u89d2\u201d\u6ce8\u91cd\u5bf9\u5177\u4f53\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u5316,\u751a\u81f3\u4f9d\u9760\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6307\u6807\u51fa\u53f0\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u884c\u4e1a\u6807\u51c6\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u5b9e\u52a1\u8fdb\u884c\u89c4\u7ba1\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u542f\u793a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6025\u9700\u5bf9\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u4e3a\u5168\u9762\u7684\u7814\u7a76,\u4e3a\u884c\u4e1a\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u5236\u8ba2\u63d0\u4f9b\u51b3\u7b56\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u53e6\u5916,\u5f53\u672c\u571f\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u51fa\u53f0\u540e,\u8fd8\u8981\u7406\u6e05\u5176\u5224\u5b9a\u903b\u8f91,\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4e86\u89e3\u8be5\u4f53\u7cfb\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u8ba1\u60f3\u89e3\u7b54\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u4e09\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u8ba1<\/p>\n<p>(\u4e00)\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u4e2d\u56fd\u5173\u4e8e\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5341\u5206\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6709\u6548\u5ea6\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u652f\u6301\u201c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u3002\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7814\u7a76\u8fd0\u7528\u601d\u8fa8\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6784\u5efa\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb( ; ; ),\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u201c\u534a\u7ed3\u6784\u5f0f\u201d\u8bbf\u8c08( )\u6216\u201c\u884c\u4e3a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u201d\u5206\u6790(\u9a6c\u707f,2013)\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9a\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u88ab\u8bbf\u8005\u80fd\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u8eab\u5728\u672c\u571f\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c,\u63d0\u51fa\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4f46\u662f,\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80fd\u529b\u80fd\u5426\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u662f\u5355\u7eaf\u8fd0\u7528\u8bbf\u8c08\u6cd5\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u9274\u4e8e\u6b64,\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u91c7\u53d6\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u4ee5\u6c42\u89e3\u51b3\u5171\u8bc6\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u201c\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u662f\u4ee5\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u5224\u65ad\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840,\u8fd0\u7528\u8c03\u67e5\u95ee\u5377\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f,\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u56de\u5408\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u53cd\u9988\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5171\u8bc6(Dalkey and )\u3002\u201c\u4f20\u7edf\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u5177\u6709\u6781\u9ad8\u7684\u533f\u540d\u6027,\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u516c\u5f00,\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ea\u4f1a\u4ee5\u4e66\u4fe1\u548c\u95ee\u5377\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002\u56e0\u6b64,\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u5177\u5907\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4f18\u70b9:\u7b2c\u4e00,\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u72ec\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u5730\u4f5c\u51fa\u5224\u65ad,\u907f\u514d\u4ece\u4f17\u538b\u529b;\u7b2c\u4e8c,\u4e0e\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\u4ea4\u6d41\u76f8\u6bd4,\u66f4\u7701\u65f6\u548c\u7701\u94b1;\u7b2c\u4e09,\u51fa\u73b0\u5f02\u8bae\u65f6,\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53ef\u4ecb\u5165\u8c03\u89e3;\u7b2c\u56db,\u6291\u5236\u4e2a\u6027\u8fc7\u5f3a\u7684\u4eba\u652f\u914d\u8ba8\u8bba(Linstone and )\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c,\u201c\u4f20\u7edf\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u4ecd\u5b58\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00,\u5e94\u7b54\u7387\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u201c\u4f20\u7edf\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u9700\u8981\u591a\u56de\u5408\u6536\u96c6\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u8bc4\u5206\u548c\u610f\u89c1,\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u4f7f\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u5e94\u7b54\u7387\u663e\u8457\u4e0b\u964d( )\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c,\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u6b66\u65ad\u3002\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u56de\u5408\u7ed3\u675f\u540e,\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u90fd\u9700\u6c47\u603b\u548c\u5f52\u7eb3\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u610f\u89c1,\u518d\u53cd\u9988\u7ed9\u5927\u5bb6\u3002\u867d\u7136\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u80fd\u501f\u6b64\u673a\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u89e3,\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e5f\u5bb9\u6613\u6709\u5148\u5165\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5,\u626d\u66f2\u6216\u8fc7\u6ee4\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u610f\u89c1,\u4ee5\u6c42\u5c3d\u5feb\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u610f\u89c1( )\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09,\u5171\u8bc6\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u4e0d\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u6709\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u91c7\u53d6\u8fc7\u534a\u6570\u539f\u5219\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5171\u8bc6\u6807\u51c6(Loughlin and ),\u6709\u7684\u4f1a\u7528\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u6807\u51c6,\u598260%(Yan and )\u300175%( )\u300180%( ),\u4f46\u5927\u6570\u6807\u51c6\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u4f1a\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u9488\u5bf9\u201c\u4f20\u7edf\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u5728\u5e94\u7b54\u7387\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e3b\u89c2\u6d89\u5165\u548c\u5171\u8bc6\u6807\u51c6\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u95ee\u9898,\u7a46\u96f7\u7b49( )\u9996\u5148\u5f15\u5165\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u6570\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u201c\u96b6\u5c5e\u51fd\u6570\u201d\u4e88\u4ee5\u4fee\u6b63\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u540e\u4eba\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u6539\u8fdb\u800c\u6f14\u53d8\u6210\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u3002\u4ee5\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u8fd0\u7528\u7684\u201c\u53cc\u4e09\u89d2\u6a21\u7cca\u51fd\u6570\u6cd5\u201d\u4e3a\u4f8b( ;Dzeng and ; ; )\u3002\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u9996\u5148\u8981\u6c42\u4e13\u5bb6\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e00\u9898\u7684\u201c\u540c\u610f\u7a0b\u5ea6\u201d\u8fdb\u884c\u6700\u4fdd\u5b88\u503cC\u548c\u6700\u4e50\u89c2\u503cO\u7684\u6253\u5206\u3002\u540c\u65f6,\u4e13\u5bb6\u8fd8\u8981\u63a5\u53d7\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u8bbf\u8c08,\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u8bc4\u5206\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002\u5982\u67d0\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u56de\u5408\u540e\u8fbe\u4e0d\u6210\u5171\u8bc6,\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5c31\u8981\u5f52\u7eb3\u4f17\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u8bbf\u8c08\u6750\u6599,\u53cd\u9988\u7ed9\u4e13\u5bb6\u8fdb\u884c\u53c2\u8003,\u518d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0b\u4e00\u56de\u5408\u7684\u586b\u7b54\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b65,\u627e\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u4e13\u5bb6C\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u503cCL\u3001\u51e0\u4f55\u5e73\u5747\u503cCM\u548c\u6700\u5927\u503cCU,\u4ee5\u53caO\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u503cOL\u3001\u51e0\u4f55\u5e73\u5747\u503cOM\u548c\u6700\u5927\u503cOU\u3002\u63a5\u7740,\u5efa\u7acbC(CL\u3001CM\u3001CU)\u548cO(OL\u3001OM\u3001OU)\u7684\u4e09\u89d2\u6a21\u7cca\u51fd\u6570,\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e09\u89d2\u6a21\u7cca\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u7070\u8272\u5730\u5e26\u6765\u5224\u65ad\u662f\u5f62\u6210\u5230\u5171\u8bc6: <\/p>\n<p>\u516c\u5f0f1:\u82e5CU\u2266OL,\u5219\u8868\u660e\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6240\u6709\u4e13\u5bb6\u90fd\u6709\u5171\u8bc6\u7684\u533a\u95f4,\u56e0\u6b64\u5171\u8bc6\u503cG\u7b49\u4e8eCM\u4e0eOM\u7684\u7b97\u672f\u5e73\u5747\u503c,\u5373<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/KXReader\/Detail\/GetImg?filename=images\/1701qb04307_9_87700.jpg&amp;uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkcGkxU3VwdG91eFRiVTY0RllkTFpHSy9COD0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!\" height=\"32\"\/> <\/p>\n<p>\u516c\u5f0f2:\u82e5(CU&gt;OL)\u4e14\u7070\u8272\u5730\u5e26Z=CU-OL\u5c0f\u4e8eM=OM-CM,\u5171\u8bc6\u503cG\u5219\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e09\u89d2\u6a21\u7cca\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u4ea4\u53c9\u70b9,\u5176\u8ba1\u7b97\u516c\u5f0f\u4e3a: <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/KXReader\/Detail\/GetImg?filename=images\/1701qb04307_9_87800.jpg&amp;uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkcGkxU3VwdG91eFRiVTY0RllkTFpHSy9COD0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!\" width=\"619\" height=\"57\"\/> <\/p>\n<p>\u516c\u5f0f3:\u82e5(CU&gt;OL)\u4e14\u7070\u8272\u5730\u5e26Z=CU-OL\u5927\u4e8eM=OM-CM,\u8868\u660e\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u8fc7\u5927\u800c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5171\u8bc6\u3002\u6b64\u65f6,\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u8981\u5c06CM\u3001OM\u548c\u8bbf\u8c08\u610f\u89c1\u53cd\u9988\u7ed9\u4e13\u5bb6,\u8ba9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0b\u4e00\u56de\u5408\u7684\u586b\u7b54\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u540e,\u516c\u5f0f1\u548c\u516c\u5f0f2\u5f97\u51fa\u7684G\u503c\u4ee3\u8868\u4e13\u5bb6\u5171\u8bc6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7a0b\u5ea6,\u6570\u503c\u6108\u9ad8,\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e13\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8be5\u6307\u6807\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u6108\u9ad8\u3002\u56e0\u6b64,\u201c\u53cc\u4e09\u89d2\u6a21\u7cca\u51fd\u6570\u6cd5\u201d\u8fd8\u8981\u5b9a\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u95e8\u69db\u503c,\u501f\u6b64\u5728\u6240\u6709\u83b7\u5f97\u5171\u8bc6\u7684\u6307\u6807\u4e2d\u518d\u7b5b\u9009\u51fa\u5171\u8bc6\u7a0b\u5ea6\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u6307\u6807\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1,\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4f20\u7edf\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u4e00\u6837\u90fd\u9075\u5faa\u533f\u540d\u586b\u7b54\u3001\u6ce8\u91cd\u4e13\u5bb6\u610f\u89c1\u548c\u5bfb\u627e\u5171\u8bc6\u7b49\u539f\u7406,\u4f46\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u901a\u8fc7\u5f15\u7528\u96b6\u5c5e\u51fd\u6570,\u66f4\u5177\u5907\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4f18\u52bf:\u4e00\u65b9\u9762,\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u8f83\u5c11\u7684\u56de\u5408(\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u4e00\u56de)\u5c31\u80fd\u7b26\u5408\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u5171\u8bc6,\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4f46\u8282\u7701\u4e86\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u6210\u672c,\u8fd8\u80fd\u51cf\u5c11\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e3b\u89c2\u5e72\u6270\u7684\u673a\u4f1a;\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762,\u7531\u4e8e\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u5229\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u95f4\u663e\u793a\u540c\u610f\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6(\u6700\u5c0f\u503c\u3001\u51e0\u4f55\u5e73\u5747\u503c\u548c\u6700\u5927\u503c),\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bb9\u8bb8\u8bed\u610f\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u5b58\u5728,\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f,\u80fd\u591f\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u5ba2\u89c2\u5730\u786e\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u8fbe\u6210\u5171\u8bc6\u548c\u8fbe\u6210\u600e\u6837\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64,\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d(\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u201c\u53cc\u4e09\u89d2\u51fd\u6570\u6cd5\u201d)\u5341\u5206\u9002\u5408\u5e2e\u52a9\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5f97\u51fa\u9ad8\u6821\u6559\u80b2\u754c\u548c\u5b9e\u52a1\u754c\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>(\u4e8c)\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u5177<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u8fd0\u7528Nvivo 10.0\u8f6f\u4ef6,\u5c06\u82f1\u683c\u5170(HCPC,2012)\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd(CSWE,2008)\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9999\u6e2f\u5730\u533a(Social Workers Registration Board,2012)\u4e09\u5730\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u884c\u4e1a\u6807\u51c6\u91cd\u65b0\u7f16\u7801\u548c\u5f52\u7c7b,\u4ece\u800c\u6574\u7406\u51fa\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u95ee\u5377\u3002\u9009\u62e9\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9999\u6e2f\u5730\u533a\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u70b9\u539f\u56e0:\u7b2c\u4e00,IASSW\u548cIFSW\u5236\u8ba2\u7684\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6807\u51c6\u300b\u4ec5\u4e3a\u539f\u5219\u6027\u6587\u4ef6,\u5e76\u4e0d\u5982\u4e09\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u6587\u4ef6\u66f4\u5177\u4f53\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c,\u4e2d\u56fd\u9999\u6e2f\u5730\u533a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4ee3\u8868,\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u5730\u8865\u5145\u82f1\u7f8e\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09,\u786e\u4fdd\u672c\u5730\u4e13\u5bb6\u5728\u5145\u5206\u4e86\u89e3\u5148\u8fdb\u5730\u533a\u5bf9\u80fd\u529b\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u540e,\u624d\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u8eab\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4f5c\u51fa\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9,\u907f\u514d\u51fa\u73b0\u672a\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u7f57\u5217\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u5b8c\u6210\u7f16\u7801\u548c\u5f52\u7c7b\u540e,\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u521d\u6b65\u5f62\u62104\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u300156\u9879\u80fd\u529b\u6307\u6807\u548c183\u6761\u7ec6\u9879\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u95ee\u5377\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fee\u6b63\u7f16\u7801\u3001\u5f52\u7c7b\u548c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8bef\u5dee,\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u628a\u521d\u7a3f\u9001\u7ed93\u4f4d\u4e13\u5bb6\u8fdb\u884c\u5ba1\u9605,\u5e76\u8be2\u95ee\u662f\u5426\u6709\u9057\u6f0f\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u30023\u4f4d\u4e13\u5bb6\u4e0d\u53ea\u5bf9\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6307\u6807\u548c\u7ec6\u9879\u8bf4\u660e\u8fdb\u884c\u5408\u5e76,\u8fd8\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u6307\u6807:\u201c\u5bf9\u7763\u5bfc\u5de5\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u201d\u3002\u540c\u65f6,\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u6c72\u53d6\u5df2\u6709\u6587\u732e\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c,\u5c06\u201c\u6279\u5224\u6027\u53cd\u601d\u201d\u5e73\u884c\u4e8e\u201c\u4ef7\u503c\u4f26\u7406\u201d\u3001\u201c\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5b9e\u52a1\u6280\u5de7\u201d,\u5e0c\u671b\u4ee5\u6b64\u6765\u5236\u8861\u897f\u65b9\u80fd\u529b\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u201c\u6280\u672f\u5316\u201d\u6216\u201c\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u201d\u503e\u5411( ; )\u3002\u53e6\u5916,\u95ee\u5377\u8fd8\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9644\u52a0\u95ee\u9898,\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8be2\u95ee\u586b\u7b54\u4e13\u5bb6\u53ef\u5426\u63d0\u4f9b\u95ee\u5377\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u6700\u7ec8,\u786e\u5b9a4\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u300150\u9879\u6307\u6807\u548c128\u6761\u7ec6\u9879\u8bf4\u660e(\u89c1\u88682)\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>(\u4e09)\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e2d,\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5c06\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5177\u4f53\u5316\u4e3a:\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u5e94\u5177\u5907\u600e\u6837\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b?\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5171\u6027\u6700\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53,\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u591f\u96c6\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u548c\u60c5\u51b5\u30022014\u5e74\u5168\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u670d\u52a1\u8d44\u91d1\u603b\u6295\u5165\u4e3a23.5\u4ebf\u5143,\u5176\u4e2d\u5e7f\u4e1c\u536010.5\u4ebf\u5143,\u4ec5\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e00\u5e74\u7ecf\u8d39\u6295\u5165\u5c31\u8fbe3.1\u4ebf\u5143\u3002\u622a\u81f32015\u5e74,\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8857\u9053\u90fd\u5df2\u5efa\u6210\u4e00\u95f4\u5bb6\u7efc,\u603b\u5171156\u95f4(\u53e6\u670915\u95f4\u793e\u533a\u5c42\u9762)( )\u3002\u56e0\u6b64,\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5178\u578b\u4e2a\u6848,\u5bf9\u5176\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5fc5\u7136\u7ed9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e13\u4e1a\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u63d0\u4f9b\u91cd\u8981\u501f\u9274\u3002 <\/p>\n<p><a>\u4e0b\u8f7d\u539f\u8868<\/a> <\/p>\n<p>\u88682:\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u95ee\u5377\u6846\u67b6 <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u88682:&ldquo;\u6a21\u7cca\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5&rdquo;\u95ee\u5377\u6846\u67b6\" src=\"http:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/KXReader\/Detail\/GetImg?filename=images\/1701qb04307_9_76100.jpg&amp;uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkcGkxU3VwdG91eFRiVTY0RllkTFpHSy9COD0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!\" width=\"630\" height=\"546\"\/> <\/p>\n<p>\u88682:\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u95ee\u5377\u6846\u67b6 <\/p>\n<p>\u503c\u5f97\u7559\u610f\u7684\u662f,\u6bcf\u95f4\u5bb6\u7efc\u9664\u4e86\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u4e8b\u201c\u5bb6\u5ead\u201d\u201c\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u201d\u201c\u957f\u8005\u201d\u4e09\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u5916,\u8fd8\u9700\u6709\u4e24\u9879\u81ea\u9009\u9886\u57df,\u5982\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u3001\u4e49\u5de5\u7b49\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u63a2\u8ba8\u7684\u662f\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u201c\u901a\u7528\u201d\u80fd\u529b,\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u4e13\u957f\u201d\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64,\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u95ee\u5377\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u8bed\u548c\u8bbf\u5458\u7684\u89e3\u8bf4\u7279\u522b\u5f3a\u8c03,\u8981\u6c42\u4e13\u5bb6\u4ee5\u201c\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u5bb6\u7efc\u4e00\u7ebf\u793e\u5de5\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u6240\u9700\u7684\u901a\u7528\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u8fdb\u884c\u586b\u7b54\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5c06\u5f81\u8be2\u9ad8\u6821\u6559\u80b2\u754c\u548c\u5b9e\u52a1\u754c\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u770b\u6cd5,\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4f69\u6069( )\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u521b\u9020\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u793e\u5de5\u4e13\u4e1a\u201d\u7684\u4e24\u80a1\u5173\u952e\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d,\u201c\u6559\u80b2\u5148\u884c\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u8457\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u5f53\u653f\u5e9c\u5927\u529b\u6295\u5165\u8d2d\u4e70\u670d\u52a1\u540e,\u76f8\u5173\u90e8\u95e8\u66f4\u52a0\u9f13\u52b1\u9ad8\u6821\u6559\u5e08\u6210\u7acb\u6c11\u529e\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u673a\u6784\u3002\u5b9e\u52a1\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u66f4\u662f\u4e0d\u8a00\u800c\u55bb,\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u4f20\u9012\u8005,\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u5fc5\u6709\u66f4\u6df1\u7684\u4f53\u4f1a\u3002\u53e6\u5916,\u4ece\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u6765\u770b,\u9c8d\u5a01\u5c14( )\u6307\u51fa,\u201c\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u201c\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u201d\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u201c\u6570\u76ee\u201d\u4e0a,\u800c\u662f\u5728\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u201c\u8d28\u91cf\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e13\u5bb6\u6700\u597d\u6765\u81ea\u5f02\u8d28\u7ec4,\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u5168\u9762\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u9488\u5bf9\u7684\u9ad8\u6821\u8001\u5e08\u3001\u673a\u6784\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u548c\u8d44\u6df1\u793e\u5de5\u6b63\u597d\u6784\u6210\u4e09\u4e2a\u5f02\u8d28\u7ec4,\u80fd\u591f\u6709\u6548\u5f25\u8865\u201c\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u5c0f\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u504f\u5dee\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u8fd8\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e13\u5bb6\u7ec4\u8fdb\u884c\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u754c\u5b9a,\u529b\u6c42\u5bfb\u627e\u9ad8\u6821\u6559\u80b2\u754c\u548c\u5b9e\u52a1\u754c\u91cc\u6700\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u53d7\u8bbf\u8005\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5c06\u5168\u90e8\u7b26\u5408\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u201c\u9ad8\u6821\u8001\u5e08\u201d\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u201c\u4e13\u5bb6\u201d:1)\u6700\u9ad8\u5b66\u4f4d\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c;2)\u5728\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7701\u672c\u79d1\u6216\u5927\u4e13\u4ece\u4e8b\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6559\u5b663\u5e74\u4ee5\u4e0a;3)\u5c5e\u4e8e\u201c\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u8d2d\u4e70\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u8bc4\u6807\u4e13\u5bb6\u5e93\u201d\u6216\u201c\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u534f\u4f1a\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e13\u5bb6\u5e93\u201d;4)\u7ecf\u6240\u5728\u9662\u6821\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u5e26\u5934\u4eba\u63a8\u8350,\u5bf9\u6559\u5b66\u548c\u5b9e\u52a1\u6709\u6781\u5927\u7684\u70ed\u8bda\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u5b9e\u52a1\u754c\u7684\u201c\u4e13\u5bb6\u201d\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u6765\u6e90:\u201c\u673a\u6784\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8d44\u6df1\u793e\u5de5\u201d\u3002\u622a\u81f32014\u5e74,\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02171\u95f4\u5bb6\u7efc(\u5305\u62ec\u793e\u533a\u5c42\u9762)\u753179\u5bb6\u793e\u5de5\u673a\u6784\u627f\u529e,\u5176\u4e2d\u62e5\u67094\u95f4\u6216\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5bb6\u7efc\u7684\u793e\u5de5\u673a\u678414\u5bb6\u3002\u8fd914\u5bb6\u673a\u6784\u603b\u5171\u627f\u529e77\u95f4\u5bb6\u7efc,\u7ea6\u5360\u603b\u4f53\u768445%( )\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4,\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793e\u5de5\u673a\u6784\u53ca\u5176\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u5bf9\u5bb6\u7efc\u793e\u5de5\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u6743\u3002\u6240\u4ee5,\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5c06\u8fd914\u95f4\u793e\u5de5\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u786e\u5b9a\u4e3a\u8c03\u67e5\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u53e6\u5916,\u8d44\u6df1\u793e\u5de5\u662f\u6307\u57282012\u20142013\u5e74\u5168\u5e0215\u95f4\u672b\u671f\u8bc4\u4f30\u83b7\u5f97\u201c\u4f18\u79c0\u201d\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u5bb6\u7efc\u4e2d\u670d\u52a1\u5e74\u9650\u6700\u957f\u7684\u793e\u5de5\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u8ba4\u4e3a,\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u6df1\u793e\u5de5\u5728\u4f18\u79c0\u5bb6\u7efc\u5de5\u4f5c\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4,\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u4e0e\u666e\u901a\u793e\u5de5\u76f8\u6bd4\u4f1a\u66f4\u5177\u8bf4\u670d\u529b\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u6839\u636e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u539f\u5219,\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e8e2014\u5e745\u6708\u52302015\u5e741\u6708\u6210\u529f\u8c03\u67e549\u4f4d\u4e13\u5bb6,\u5305\u62ec\u9ad8\u6821\u6559\u80b2\u754c20\u4f4d,\u673a\u6784\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba14\u4f4d(\u8986\u76d6\u4e0a\u8ff014\u95f4\u673a\u6784),\u8d44\u6df1\u793e\u5de515\u4f4d(\u8986\u76d6\u4e0a\u8ff015\u95f4\u5bb6\u7efc)(\u8be6\u89c1\u88683)\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u56db\u3001\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u5377\u7ed3\u679c<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u4f9d\u7167\u524d\u6587\u6240\u8ff0\u7684\u201c\u53cc\u4e09\u89d2\u6a21\u7cca\u51fd\u6570\u6cd5\u201d\u5bf9\u95ee\u5377\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790,\u5224\u65ad\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6307\u6807\u662f\u5426\u8fbe\u6210\u5171\u8bc6\u3002\u6839\u636e\u7b2c\u4e00\u56de\u5408\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1,50\u4e2a\u6307\u6807\u4e2d\u67093\u4e2a\u4e0d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u5171\u8bc6,\u5206\u522b\u662f\u6279\u5224\u6027\u53cd\u601d\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u201c\u4ecb\u5165\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u6279\u5224\u53cd\u601d\u201d\u3001\u4ef7\u503c\u4f26\u7406\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u201c\u634d\u536b\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\u201d\u548c\u5b9e\u52a1\u6280\u5de7\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u201c\u4ecb\u5165\u2014\u7406\u8bba\u5e94\u7528\u201d\u3002\u6709\u9274\u4e8e\u6b64,\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5c06\u8fd93\u4e2a\u6307\u6807\u7684CM\u3001OM\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bbf\u8c08\u6750\u6599\u53cd\u9988\u7ed9\u4e13\u5bb6\u8fdb\u884c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u56de\u5408\u586b\u7b54\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u56de\u5408\u5e94\u7b54\u7387\u4e3a61%,3\u4e2a\u6307\u6807\u90fd\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u5171\u8bc6\u3002\u6700\u540e,\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5c06\u5404\u80fd\u529b\u6307\u6807G\u503c\u7684\u7b97\u6570\u5e73\u5747\u6570\u786e\u5b9a\u4e3a\u95e8\u69db\u503c\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4,\u5f53\u67d0\u9879\u6307\u6807\u7684G\u5927\u4e8e\u95e8\u69db\u503c\u65f6,\u624d\u8868\u660e\u8be5\u6307\u6807\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u91cd\u8981\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8f83\u9ad8,\u4ece\u800c\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u6700\u540e,\u670924\u9879\u6307\u6807\u56e0\u5176G\u9ad8\u4e8e\u95e8\u69db\u503c7.503\u800c\u88ab\u4fdd\u7559,\u536048%\u3002 <\/p>\n<p><a>\u4e0b\u8f7d\u539f\u8868<\/a> <\/p>\n<p>\u88683:\u53d7\u8bbf\u4e13\u5bb6\u60c5\u51b5 <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u88683:\u53d7\u8bbf\u4e13\u5bb6\u60c5\u51b5\" src=\"http:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/KXReader\/Detail\/GetImg?filename=images\/1701qb04307_9_77300.jpg&amp;uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkcGkxU3VwdG91eFRiVTY0RllkTFpHSy9COD0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!\" width=\"607\" height=\"549\"\/> <\/p>\n<p>\u88683:\u53d7\u8bbf\u4e13\u5bb6\u60c5\u51b5 <\/p>\n<p>(\u4e00)\u6279\u5224\u6027\u53cd\u601d<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u524d\u6587\u6240\u8ff0,\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u5de5\u7ec4\u7ec7(IASSW and IFSW,2004)\u3001\u82f1\u683c\u5170( )\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd( )\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u673a\u6784\u90fd\u5341\u5206\u770b\u91cd\u201c\u6279\u5224\u6027\u53cd\u601d\u201d\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u672c\u5730\u9ad8\u6821\u6559\u80b2\u754c\u548c\u5b9e\u52a1\u754c\u5bf9\u201c\u6279\u5224\u6027\u53cd\u601d\u201d\u76845\u9879\u80fd\u529b\u6307\u6807\u90fd\u8fbe\u6210\u5171\u8bc6,\u4f46\u5176G\u5168\u4f4e\u4e8e\u95e8\u69db\u503c7.503\u800c\u88ab\u5220\u53bb(\u89c1\u88684)\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4,\u672c\u5730\u4e13\u5bb6\u5e76\u672a\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7a0b\u5ea6\u653e\u5728\u524d50%\u3002 <\/p>\n<p><a>\u4e0b\u8f7d\u539f\u8868<\/a> <\/p>\n<p>\u88684:\u6279\u5224\u6027\u53cd\u601d\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7ed3\u679c <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u88684:\u6279\u5224\u6027\u53cd\u601d\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\" src=\"http:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/KXReader\/Detail\/GetImg?filename=images\/1701qb04307_9_77900.jpg&amp;uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkcGkxU3VwdG91eFRiVTY0RllkTFpHSy9COD0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!\" width=\"636\" height=\"181\"\/> <\/p>\n<p>\u88684:\u6279\u5224\u6027\u53cd\u601d\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7ed3\u679c <\/p>\n<p>(\u4e8c)\u4ef7\u503c\u4f26\u7406<\/p>\n<p>\u6309\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u6392\u5e8f,\u4fdd\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6307\u6807\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u9075\u5faa\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d(8.608)\u3001\u201c\u606a\u5b88\u4fdd\u5bc6\u804c\u8d23\u201d(8.358)\u3001\u201c\u575a\u6301\u4e2a\u522b\u5316\u5904\u7406\u201d(8.008)\u3001\u201c\u5c65\u884c\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u201d(7.879)\u3001\u201c\u7b26\u5408\u4e13\u4e1a\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u7d20\u517b\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u54c1\u8d28\u201d(7.755)\u3001\u201c\u6316\u6398\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61\u6f5c\u80fd\u201d(7.734)\u3001\u201c\u4fe1\u5949\u6700\u5927\u5316\u798f\u7949\u201d(7.683)\u3001\u201c\u575a\u6301\u975e\u5224\u65ad\u6027\u201d(7.683)\u548c\u201c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u73af\u5883\u6539\u826f\u7684\u610f\u613f\u201d(7.642)(\u89c1\u88685)\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u503c\u5f97\u7559\u610f\u7684\u662f,IASSW\u548cIFSW\u7684\u65b0\u65e7\u5168\u7403\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u90fd\u89c6\u201c\u634d\u536b\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\u201d\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u80fd\u529b\u90fd\u540c\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9999\u6e2f\u5730\u533a\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e2d\u3002\u4f46\u662f,\u5b83\u4eec\u672a\u88ab\u672c\u5730\u4e13\u5bb6\u6240\u8ba4\u540c,\u5176\u539f\u56e0\u503c\u5f97\u6df1\u7a76\u3002\u53e6\u5916,\u201c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u73af\u5883\u6539\u826f\u7684\u610f\u613f\u201d\u867d\u4ee5\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4f4d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u83b7\u5f97\u901a\u8fc7,\u4f46\u201c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u8fc1\u7684\u610f\u613f\u201d\u5374\u4ee5\u5012\u6570\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7a0b\u5ea6\u88ab\u5254\u9664\u3002\u4e0b\u6587\u5c06\u4f1a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u62a5\u544a\u672c\u5730\u4e13\u5bb6\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u73af\u5883\u201c\u6539\u826f\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u53d8\u8fc1\u201d\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>(\u4e09)\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6<\/p>\n<p>\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u5c42\u9762\u4ec5\u67093\u9879\u6307\u6807\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u95e8\u69db\u503c\u5f97\u4ee5\u4fdd\u7559:\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u7b56\u201d(7.969)\u3001\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d(7.658)\u548c\u201c\u6280\u5de7\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d(7.591),\u800c\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9999\u6e2f\u5730\u533a\u6bd4\u8f83\u6ce8\u91cd\u7684\u201c\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u201c\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\u201c\u8bae\u9898\u5021\u5bfc\u201d\u7b49\u80fd\u529b\u90fd\u88ab\u5220\u53bb(\u89c1\u88686)\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>(\u56db)\u5b9e\u52a1\u6280\u5de7<\/p>\n<p>\u5b9e\u52a1\u6280\u5de7\u662f\u6700\u591a\u6307\u6807\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u5c42\u9762,\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u672c\u5730\u4e13\u5bb6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u52a1\u6027\u548c\u6280\u5de7\u6027\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u91cd\u89c6:\u201c\u4fdd\u969c\u540c\u4e8b\u3001\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u201d(8.597)\u3001\u201c\u4fdd\u969c\u793e\u5de5\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u201d(8.401)\u3001\u201c\u4e0e\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5904\u7406\u201d(8.362)\u3001\u201c\u4eba\u9645\u6c9f\u901a\u201d(8.359)\u3001\u201c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u670d\u52a1\u8d28\u91cf\u201d(8.303)\u3001\u201c\u6574\u5408\u7684\u5b9e\u52a1\u201d(8.257)\u3001\u201c\u4ecb\u5165\u2014\u5b9e\u65bd\u4ecb\u5165\u201d(8.188)\u3001\u201c\u4ecb\u5165\u2014\u5371\u673a\u9884\u4f30\u201d(7.787)\u3001\u201c\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5904\u7406\u201d(7.772)\u3001\u201c\u6210\u6548\u8bc4\u4f30\u201d(7.648)\u3001\u201c\u4ecb\u5165\u2014\u4e00\u822c\u9884\u4f30\u201d(7.755)\u548c\u201c\u5371\u673a\u5904\u7406\u201d(7.717)(\u89c1\u88687)\u3002 <\/p>\n<p><a>\u4e0b\u8f7d\u539f\u8868<\/a> <\/p>\n<p>\u88685:\u4ef7\u503c\u4f26\u7406\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7ed3\u679c(\u7070\u8272\u4e3a\u83b7\u5f97\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u6307\u6807) <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u88685:\u4ef7\u503c\u4f26\u7406\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7ed3\u679c(\u7070\u8272\u4e3a\u83b7\u5f97\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u6307\u6807)\" src=\"http:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/KXReader\/Detail\/GetImg?filename=images\/1701qb04307_9_78700.jpg&amp;uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkcGkxU3VwdG91eFRiVTY0RllkTFpHSy9COD0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!\" width=\"632\" height=\"386\"\/> <\/p>\n<p>\u88685:\u4ef7\u503c\u4f26\u7406\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7ed3\u679c(\u7070\u8272\u4e3a\u83b7\u5f97\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u6307\u6807) <\/p>\n<p><a>\u4e0b\u8f7d\u539f\u8868<\/a> <\/p>\n<p>\u88686:\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7ed3\u679c(\u7070\u8272\u4e3a\u83b7\u5f97\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u6307\u6807) <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u88686:\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7ed3\u679c(\u7070\u8272\u4e3a\u83b7\u5f97\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u6307\u6807)\" src=\"http:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/KXReader\/Detail\/GetImg?filename=images\/1701qb04307_9_78800.jpg&amp;uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkcGkxU3VwdG91eFRiVTY0RllkTFpHSy9COD0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!\" width=\"613\" height=\"292\"\/> <\/p>\n<p>\u88686:\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7ed3\u679c(\u7070\u8272\u4e3a\u83b7\u5f97\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u6307\u6807) <\/p>\n<p>\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u5c42\u9762\u76f8\u4f3c,\u50cf\u201c\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u201c\u653f\u7b56\u5b9e\u8df5\u201d\u201c\u589e\u6743\u201d\u201c\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u60c5\u666f\u54cd\u5e94\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4ecb\u5165\u2014\u7406\u8bba\u5e94\u7528\u201d\u7b49\u5b8f\u89c2\u6280\u5de7\u5e76\u672a\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u901a\u8fc7\u3002 <\/p>\n<p><a>\u4e0b\u8f7d\u539f\u8868<\/a> <\/p>\n<p>\u88687:\u5b9e\u52a1\u6280\u5de7\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7ed3\u679c(\u7070\u8272\u4e3a\u83b7\u5f97\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u6307\u6807) <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u88687:\u5b9e\u52a1\u6280\u5de7\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7ed3\u679c(\u7070\u8272\u4e3a\u83b7\u5f97\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u6307\u6807)\" src=\"http:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/KXReader\/Detail\/GetImg?filename=images\/1701qb04307_9_79100.jpg&amp;uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkcGkxU3VwdG91eFRiVTY0RllkTFpHSy9COD0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!\" width=\"615\" height=\"530\"\/> <\/p>\n<p>\u88687:\u5b9e\u52a1\u6280\u5de7\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7ed3\u679c(\u7070\u8272\u4e3a\u83b7\u5f97\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u6307\u6807) <\/p>\n<p>\u7efc\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0,\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u6240\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u201c\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u201d\u5305\u62ec\u4ef7\u503c\u4f26\u7406\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u5b9e\u52a1\u6280\u5de73\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762,\u603b\u517124\u9879\u6307\u6807(\u89c1\u88688)\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u4e94\u3001\u8bbf\u8c08\u6750\u6599\u7684\u7ed3\u679c<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u8ba1\u9664\u4e86\u8ba9\u4e13\u5bb6\u586b\u7b54\u95ee\u5377\u5916,\u8fd8\u8981\u4ee5\u8bbf\u8c08\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5f81\u8be2\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u6bcf\u9879\u80fd\u529b\u6307\u6807\u7684\u6df1\u5165\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u76ee\u7684\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5f53\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u56de\u5408\u586b\u7b54\u7684\u65f6\u5019,\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u8981\u6574\u7406\u8fd9\u4e9b\u610f\u89c1\u5e76\u53cd\u9988\u7ed9\u4e13\u5bb6,\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u53c2\u7167\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u91cd\u65b0\u8fdb\u884c\u6253\u5206\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u4e13\u5bb6\u5bf9\u201c\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u201d\u7684\u5224\u5b9a\u903b\u8f91\u3002\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\u53ef\u77e5,\u672c\u5730\u4e13\u5bb6\u5bf9\u80fd\u529b\u6307\u6807\u7684\u7b5b\u9009\u6807\u51c6\u9075\u5faa\u5b9e\u7528\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u3002\u5176\u4e2d,\u72ac\u5112\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u548c\u6280\u672f\u5316\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u9009\u62e9\u8def\u5f84\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb,\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5f53\u524d\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u7b56\u7565\u3002 <\/p>\n<p><a>\u4e0b\u8f7d\u539f\u8868<\/a> <\/p>\n<p>\u88688:\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u88688:\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\" src=\"http:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/KXReader\/Detail\/GetImg?filename=images\/1701qb04307_9_79500.jpg&amp;uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkcGkxU3VwdG91eFRiVTY0RllkTFpHSy9COD0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!\" width=\"619\" height=\"255\"\/> <\/p>\n<p>\u88688:\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb <\/p>\n<p>(\u4e00)\u72ac\u5112\u601d\u60f3:\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6291\u626c<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u524d\u6587\u6240\u63d0\u5230\u7684,\u897f\u65b9\u60c5\u666f\u4e0b\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u5e0c\u671b\u4e3a\u5168\u7403\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u6559\u80b2\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6846\u67b6,\u4f46\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0,\u5f53\u672c\u5730\u4e13\u5bb6\u9762\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9999\u6e2f\u5730\u533a\u7b49\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u65f6\u5019,\u4ed6\u4eec\u6d41\u9732\u51fa\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u201c\u72ac\u5112\u601d\u60f3\u201d,\u5373\u5bf9\u73b0\u5b9e\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0d\u53cd\u6297\u5f0f\u7684\u63a5\u53d7,\u53ea\u8981\u80fd\u53d1\u626c\u90a3\u4e9b\u9002\u5408\u672c\u571f\u60c5\u666f\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5373\u53ef\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4ef7\u503c\u4f26\u7406\u5c42\u9762\u4e3a\u4f8b,\u672c\u5730\u4e13\u5bb6\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u8ba4\u540c\u897f\u65b9\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u8981\u6c42\u7684: <\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u793e\u5de5\u4e0d\u9075\u5b88\u4ef7\u503c\u4f26\u7406\u89c2\u7684\u8bdd,\u90a3\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f1a\u4f24\u5bb3\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61,\u8fd8\u4f1a\u4f24\u5bb3\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u673a\u6784!\u65e0\u624d\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u793e\u5de5,\u4f46\u662f\u6709\u624d\u65e0\u5fb7\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u505a\u793e\u5de5\u3002\u201c\u624d\u201d\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u57f9\u517b\u7684,\u4f46\u662f\u201c\u5fb7\u201d\u4f1a\u6210\u578b\u7684\u3002(1N) <\/p>\n<p>\u793e\u5de5\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u4f26\u7406\u65e0\u8bba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u5e95\u7ebf,\u8fd8\u662f\u5bf9\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u4ea4\u4ee3,\u5b83\u90fd\u662f\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u4e0e\u4e4b\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408,\u5c31\u4f1a\u8ba9\u6211\u6000\u7591\u4f60\u662f\u5426\u9002\u5408\u505a\u4e00\u540d\u793e\u5de5\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u4e1c\u897f\u90fd\u6ca1\u505a\u597d\u7684\u8bdd,\u4f60\u600e\u4e48\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7ed9\u6848\u4e3b\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u7684\u670d\u52a1?\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u793e\u5de5\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u4f26\u7406\u662f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002(3A) <\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f,\u5f53\u67d0\u4e9b\u80fd\u529b\u56e0\u4e3a\u53d7\u5230\u672c\u571f\u60c5\u666f\u7684\u9650\u5236\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u65f6\u5019,\u4e13\u5bb6\u5c31\u8868\u793a\u8981\u6709\u7684\u653e\u77e2\u3002\u201c\u7406\u60f3\u800c\u5df2\u201d(\u59821C\u30012E\u30013O)\u3001\u201c\u65e0\u80fd\u4e3a\u529b\u201d(\u59821G\u30012J\u30013N)\u3001\u201c\u5f88\u96be\u201d(\u59821R\u30012K\u30013B)\u7b49\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u91cd\u590d\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u72ac\u5112\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u6700\u5178\u578b\u7684\u83ab\u8fc7\u4e8e\u201c\u634d\u536b\u4eba\u6743\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\u201d\u3002\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u6807\u51c6\u5b9a\u4e49\u6240\u575a\u6301\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u5e95\u7ebf\u5927\u76f8\u5f84\u5ead,\u672c\u5730\u4e13\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8be5\u80fd\u529b\u6307\u6807\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u63d0\u7684\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u793e\u5de5\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u634d\u536b\u4eba\u6743\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49,\u8fd9\u7684\u786e\u662f\u6700\u6839\u672c\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e5f\u8981\u8ddf\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u5b9e\u6302\u94a9;\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u592a\u9002\u5408\u63d0\u4eba\u6743\u6216\u8005\u6b63\u4e49\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u3002(2A) <\/p>\n<p>\u634d\u536b\u4eba\u6743\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\u5728\u76ee\u524d\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u793e\u5de5\u80fd\u591f\u628a\u63e1\u7684\u8303\u56f4,\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6d89\u53ca\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u5408\u529b\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u9700\u8981\u6709\u5171\u8bc6\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5,\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5148\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u5408\u4f5c,\u7136\u540e\u518d\u6162\u6162\u6539\u53d8\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u3002(2D) <\/p>\n<p>\u67d0\u673a\u6784\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u4eab\u81ea\u8eab\u7ecf\u9a8c,\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u5b9e\u52a1\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5bf9\u6b64\u80fd\u529b\u8fdb\u884c\u56de\u907f: <\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\u8fdb\u6751\u505a\u666e\u6cd5\u5ba3\u4f20\u5427,\u793e\u5de5\u5c31\u5904\u4e8e\u5f88\u5c34\u5c2c\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u539f\u672c\u80fd\u9886\u53d6\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b8b\u75be\u8865\u8d34,\u4f46\u662f\u6751\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u901a\u77e5\u8fd9\u4e00\u6279\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u53bb\u62ff\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u53ea\u6709\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7684\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u53bb\u62ff\u4e86,\u4f46\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u4e0d\u77e5\u60c5\u3002\u6700\u540e,\u94b1\u5c31\u6162\u6162\u8fdb\u5165\u6751\u59d4\u53e3\u888b\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c1d\u8bd5\u53bb\u8ddf\u6751\u59d4\u4e89\u53d6,\u4f46\u662f\u90e8\u5206\u6751\u59d4\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4f1a\u6bd4\u8f83\u6297\u62d2\u3002\u6211\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0a\u4e5f\u4f1a\u89c9\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u6c89\u91cd\u548c\u65e0\u529b,\u6700\u540e\u4f1a\u8ddf\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61\u56de\u907f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u53ef\u505a\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u53bb\u505a\u3002(2N) <\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u8fc1\u7684\u610f\u613f\u201d\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u201c\u5fc3\u6709\u4f59\u800c\u529b\u4e0d\u8db3\u201d(\u59821M\u30012F\u30012C)\u591a\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u4e2d\u3002\u6709\u8d44\u6df1\u793e\u5de5\u5bf9\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u653f\u7b56\u5c42\u9762\u63a8\u52a8\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u800c\u6df1\u611f\u632b\u6298: <\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u73b0\u884c\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u6216\u8005\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e2e\u52a9\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u65f6\u5019,\u5373\u4f7f\u793e\u5de5\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61\u8c08\u5f97\u518d\u591a,\u7ed3\u679c\u4e5f\u53ea\u80fd\u8fd9\u6837\u5b50\u3002\u6240\u4ee5,\u5f88\u591a\u653f\u7b56\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u6ca1\u4ec0\u4e48\u529e\u6cd5\u53bb\u505a,\u6211\u4eec\u771f\u7684\u53ea\u80fd\u505a\u5230\u5bf9\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61\u8fdb\u884c\u966a\u4f34\u800c\u5df2\u3002(3O) <\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u9274\u4e8e\u6b64,\u4e13\u5bb6\u4eec\u66f4\u52a0\u63a8\u5d07\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2d\u7acb\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u4f26\u7406\u80fd\u529b,\u5982\u201c\u9075\u5faa\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d(\u201c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6846\u67b6\u5916\u884c\u52a8\u201d)(1A)\u3001\u201c\u606a\u5b88\u4fdd\u5bc6\u539f\u5219\u201d(\u201c\u5177\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u6027,\u771f\u7684\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u201d)(1B)\u3001\u201c\u5c65\u884c\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u201d(\u201c\u4e13\u4e1a\u884c\u52a8\u4e0d\u662f\u968f\u6027\u800c\u4e3a,\u662f\u6709\u7a0b\u5e8f\u89c4\u8303\u7684,\u6240\u4ee5\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u5ea6\u624d\u9ad8\u201d)(2L)\u3001\u201c\u575a\u6301\u975e\u5224\u65ad\u201d(\u201c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5e26\u5230\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61\u90a3\u8fb9,\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u201d)(3A)\u548c\u201c\u7b26\u5408\u4e13\u4e1a\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u7d20\u517b\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u54c1\u8d28\u201d(\u201c\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f1a\u770b\u89c1\u4f60\u7684\u5916\u5728,\u800c\u4f60\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u5c31\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u5de5\u754c\u201d)(2K)\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e2d\u7acb\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6070\u6070\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u8be0\u91ca\u201c\u9002\u5408\u672c\u571f\u60c5\u666f\u201d\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u539f\u5219:\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u548c\u6280\u672f\u5316\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>(\u4e8c)\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316:\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ecb\u5165\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u9009\u62e9<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u72ac\u5112\u601d\u60f3\u6210\u4e3a\u5224\u5b9a\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u6307\u6807\u7684\u6839\u672c\u6807\u51c6\u540e,\u672c\u5730\u4e13\u5bb6\u5c31\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u90a3\u4e9b\u9002\u5408\u672c\u5730\u60c5\u666f\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u6807\u51c6\u662f\u201c\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u201d,\u5373\u907f\u514d\u90a3\u4e9b\u5173\u6ce8\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4e13\u5bb6\u4eec\u7528\u201c\u672a\u5fc5\u7559\u610f\u5230\u201d(\u59823F\u30013D)\u3001\u201c\u6682\u65f6\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u592a\u591a\u5173\u6ce8\u201d(\u59821N\u30012A\u30013G)\u3001\u201c\u4e0d\u9f13\u52b1\u201d(\u59821K\u30012H)\u7b49\u8bcd\u8bed\u6765\u8be0\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e2a\u903b\u8f91\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148,\u672c\u571f\u4e13\u5bb6\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5c06\u201c\u80fd\u591f\u5e2e\u52a9\u5230\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61\u201d\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u201c\u6ee1\u8db3\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u9700\u6c42\u201d,\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6839\u6e90\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u519c\u6751\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u6bd4\u8f83\u5355\u4e00,\u4e5f\u5f88\u77e5\u8db3\u3002\u5982\u679c\u662f\u5728\u8fc7\u79cd\u5730\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u5e73\u51e1\u751f\u6d3b,\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4:\u591f\u4f4f\u3001\u591f\u5403\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u5e0c\u671b\u7684;\u793e\u5de5\u5e2e\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ee1\u8db3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9700\u6c42\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e86\u3002(3H) <\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u6b21,\u4e13\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u793e\u533a\u548c\u6c11\u4f17\u4e4b\u95f4\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4e92\u52a8,\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u6e10\u53d8\u5f0f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u201c\u6539\u826f\u201d\u73af\u5883\u3002\u4f8b\u5982,\u5e94\u5173\u6ce8\u201c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u793e\u4f1a\u6539\u826f\u7684\u610f\u613f\u201d\u7684\u80fd\u529b,\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u8fc1\u7684\u610f\u613f\u201d\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u5bb6\u7efc\u7684\u843d\u811a\u70b9\u3001\u76ee\u6807\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48?\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u89c9\u5f97\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u6539\u826f\u3002\u867d\u7136\u73b0\u5728\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u8d44\u6e90\u4e0d\u5728\u793e\u5de5\u624b\u4e0a,\u793e\u5de5\u80fd\u505a\u7684\u4e5f\u6bd4\u8f83\u6709\u9650;\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4eba\u548c\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002\u5047\u5982\u5c45\u6c11\u5bb6\u91cc\u51fa\u4e8b\u4e86,\u5bb6\u7efc\u793e\u5de5\u6253\u4e2a\u7535\u8bdd\u5173\u5fc3\u603b\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5427\u3002\u5bb6\u7efc\u793e\u5de5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4eba\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6c9f\u901a,\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4eba\u548c\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u6b63\u5411\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u65b9\u9762\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528,\u6f5c\u79fb\u9ed8\u5316\u5730\u6539\u826f\u73af\u5883\u3002(2D) <\/p>\n<p>\u73af\u5883\u6539\u826f\u662f\u6307\u6539\u826f\u793e\u533a\u652f\u6301\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\u652f\u6301\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4fe1\u4efb,\u6ca1\u6709\u4fe1\u4efb\u4f60\u8c08\u4f55\u201c\u652f\u6301\u201d\u5462?\u73b0\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u662f\u6c11\u4f17\u5bf9\u793e\u533a\u7684\u964c\u751f\u611f\u5f3a\u70c8,\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u516c\u5171\u4fe1\u4efb\u611f\u662f\u4e0b\u964d\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u505a\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3,\u5176\u5b9e\u65e0\u975e\u5c31\u662f\u60f3\u6539\u53d8\u8fd9\u4e2a\u793e\u533a\u51b7\u6f20\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba4\u540c\u611f\u548c\u5f52\u5c5e\u611f\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4f1a\u8ba4\u540c\u201c\u6539\u826f\u201d\u662f\u5bb6\u7efc\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u3002(2G) <\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u601d\u8def\u4e0b,\u5e94\u7528\u201c\u6539\u826f\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u5316\u201d\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\u65b9\u5411\u8fdc\u6bd4\u201c\u53d8\u8fc1\u201d\u548c\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u201d\u6765\u5f97\u5b9e\u9645\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u5bb6\u7efc\u793e\u5de5\u65e0\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u9047\u5230\u4f01\u4e1a\u5458\u5de5\u7ef4\u6743\u7684\u4e2a\u6848\u3002\u5982\u679c\u793e\u5de5\u7acb\u523b\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6295\u8bc9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f01\u4e1a,\u8ba9\u4f01\u4e1a\u5012\u95ed,\u90a3\u5c82\u4e0d\u662f\u8ba9\u66f4\u591a\u4eba\u5931\u4e1a?\u8fd9\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f24\u5bb3\u3002\u793e\u5de5\u8fd8\u4e0d\u5982\u597d\u597d\u8ddf\u4f01\u4e1a\u5546\u91cf,\u4e89\u53d6\u6700\u5927\u5316\u5229\u76ca\u7ed9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5458\u5de5\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u793e\u5de5\u8981\u5e2e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f01\u4e1a\u7a33\u5b9a\u8fd9\u5e2e\u5458\u5de5,\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4ef7\u503c,\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u6211;\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u80fd\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u89e3\u51b3\u5931\u4e1a\u7684\u95ee\u9898?\u800c\u4e14,\u4ece\u5b9e\u52a1\u4e3b\u4e49\u6765\u770b,\u5230\u5e95\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd\u4ecb\u5165,\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd\u6539\u53d8\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u505a\u4e00\u70b9?\u8fd9\u600e\u4e48\u90fd\u6bd4\u4f60\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u4e0d\u505c\u5730\u558a\u7ef4\u6743,\u7136\u540e\u5fc3\u7070\u610f\u51b7,\u6700\u540e\u79bb\u5f00\u793e\u5de5\u884c\u4e1a\u8981\u597d\u5427?(2B) <\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u540e,\u9ad8\u6821\u8001\u5e08\u6216\u673a\u6784\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u9f13\u52b1\u524d\u7ebf\u793e\u5de5\u8fd0\u7528\u592a\u591a\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u201d\u7684\u80fd\u529b,\u62c5\u5fc3\u4f1a\u7834\u574f\u793e\u5de5\u673a\u6784\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8d2d\u4e70\u670d\u52a1\u5173\u7cfb\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u5728\u524d\u7ebf\u505a\u653f\u7b56\u5021\u5bfc\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u6211\u77e5\u9053\u6709\u4e9b\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61\u975e\u5e38\u6e34\u671b\u5165\u8bfb\u7279\u6b8a\u5b66\u6821,\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u6237\u53e3\u4e0d\u5728\u6240\u5728\u7684\u5730\u533a,\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u5165\u5b66\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u627e\u6821\u957f\u3001\u6b8b\u8054\u8c08\u8fc7,\u4f46\u662f\u6ca1\u529e\u6cd5,\u8bf4\u591a\u4e86\u4e3b\u7ba1\u90e8\u95e8\u8fd8\u4e0d\u9ad8\u5174,\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u62c5\u5fc3\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7559\u4e0b\u96be\u641e\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u3002(1L) <\/p>\n<p>\u8bf4\u767d\u4e86,\u793e\u5de5\u673a\u6784\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u95f4\u770b\u4f3c\u4f19\u4f34,\u5b9e\u9645\u662f\u4f19\u8ba1\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u7ed9\u8d44\u91d1\u7684,\u6240\u4ee5,\u54ea\u6015\u8857\u9053\u6709\u591a\u4e48\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u8981\u6c42,\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f1a\u52aa\u529b\u8981\u914d\u5408\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u5bb6\u7efc\u4e3b\u4efb\u63a5\u5230\u8857\u9053\u4e3b\u4efb\u7684\u7535\u8bdd,\u4f1a\u6bd4\u63a5\u5230\u8bc4\u4f30\u673a\u6784\u6216\u673a\u6784\u7ba1\u7406\u5c42\u7684\u7535\u8bdd\u8fd8\u7d27\u5f20\u3002\u6ca1\u529e\u6cd5,\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u505a\u4e0d\u597d\u6216\u8005\u53cd\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u610f\u89c1\u7684\u8bdd,\u4e07\u4e00\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u6211\u4eec\u600e\u4e48\u529e\u5462?(2E) <\/p>\n<p>\u76ee\u524d\u6765\u8bf4,\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7279\u522b\u9f13\u52b1\u53bb\u505a\u4e00\u4e9b\u653f\u7b56\u63a8\u52a8\u3002\u4e00\u6765\u4e0a\u5347\u5230\u653f\u7b56\u5c42\u9762\u540e,\u5bf9\u4e00\u7ebf\u793e\u5de5\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6311\u6218,\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u6743\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u6709\u9650\u3002\u4e8c\u6765\u5982\u679c\u6ee1\u76ee\u8ffd\u6c42\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u540e\u679c,\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bf9\u6297\u3002(2H) <\/p>\n<p>(\u4e09)\u6280\u672f\u5316:\u4e3a\u672c\u571f\u5316\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u83b7\u5f97\u8ba4\u53d7\u6027<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3a\u4e86\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u53d1\u6325\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d,\u672c\u5730\u4e13\u5bb6\u9664\u4e86\u8fd0\u7528\u201c\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u201d\u903b\u8f91\u5916,\u8fd8\u975e\u5e38\u7740\u91cd\u201c\u6280\u672f\u5316\u201d\u80fd\u529b,\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u80fd\u7ed9\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d1\u5c55\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u670d\u52a1\u589e\u6dfb\u8ba4\u53d7\u6027\u7406\u7531\u3002\u4e13\u5bb6\u6307\u51fa,\u5f53\u524d\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6700\u9700\u8981\u7684\u662f\u201c\u83b7\u5f97\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u8ba4\u53d7\u6027\u201d(2C)\u548c\u201c\u5c06\u5b9e\u52a1\u80fd\u529b\u8bc1\u660e\u7ed9\u8d2d\u4e70\u65b9\u770b\u201d(1F)\u3002\u6240\u4ee5,\u6280\u672f\u5316\u6210\u4e3a\u672c\u571f\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5bfb\u6c42\u4e13\u4e1a\u8eab\u4efd\u548c\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8def\u5f84\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982,\u201c\u6280\u5de7\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u201c\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\u5c42\u9762\u4e2d\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u6709\u9ad8\u6821\u8001\u5e08\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6280\u5de7\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u662f\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u793e\u5de5\u80fd\u529b:\u201c\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u505a\u51fa\u8ddf\u5c45\u59d4\u4f1a\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u4e2a\u6848,\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u505a\u51fa\u8ba9\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e13\u5bb6\u6709\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u4e2a\u6848,\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fd0\u7528\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u6280\u5de7\u624d\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u201d(1F)\u3002\u673a\u6784\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u4e5f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8ba4\u53ef\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u6027: <\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u76ee\u524d\u60c5\u51b5\u6765\u770b,\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u793e\u5de5\u5c31\u662f\u8fde\u8d70\u8def\u90fd\u6ca1\u8d70\u597d\u3002\u6b7b\u4eba\u8df3\u697c\u4f60\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5904\u7406,\u8001\u4eba\u5728\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6454\u5012\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5904\u7406,\u4e34\u5e8a\u6cbb\u7597\u6216\u8005\u4ecb\u5165\u624b\u6bb5\u4e0d\u61c2,\u4f60\u8fd8\u7a7a\u8c08\u4ec0\u4e48\u653f\u7b56\u5b9e\u8df5?(2F) <\/p>\n<p>\u8d44\u6df1\u793e\u5de5\u540c\u6837\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6280\u5de7\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u662f\u51f8\u663e\u4e13\u4e1a\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u9014\u5f84,\u66f4\u662f\u4e0e\u539f\u6765\u7684\u201c\u884c\u653f\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u201d\u76f8\u533a\u5206\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d,\u4e0d\u5448\u73b0\u4e00\u70b9\u6280\u5de7\u7684\u8bdd,\u90a3\u4f60\u8ddf\u5c45\u59d4\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b?\u8ddf\u5e73\u5e38\u4eba\u4ea4\u6d41\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b?\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u793e\u5de5\u6280\u5de7\u6027\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5728,\u505a\u4e00\u4e9b\u6cbb\u7597\u6027\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4e5f\u4f1a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u793e\u5de5\u5143\u7d20,\u4f60\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u6027\u5c31\u4f53\u73b0\u4e0d\u51fa\u6765\u4e86\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u638c\u63e1\u6280\u5de7\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002(3D) <\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u4e0b,\u201c\u5b9e\u52a1\u6280\u5de7\u201d\u987a\u7406\u6210\u7ae0\u5730\u6210\u4e3a\u6700\u591a\u6307\u6807\u83b7\u5f97\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u5c42\u9762(\u536050%)\u3002\u4e13\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5c1a\u5904\u4e8e\u8d77\u6b65\u9636\u6bb5,\u5e94\u89c4\u8303\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u638c\u63e1\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u7684\u80fd\u529b,\u4ece\u800c\u4f53\u73b0\u4e13\u4e1a\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64,\u5927\u91cf\u5de5\u5177\u6027\u7684\u6307\u6807\u5f97\u4ee5\u4fdd\u7559,\u5982\u201c\u4ecb\u5165\u2014\u4e00\u822c\u9884\u4f30\u201d\u201c\u4ecb\u5165\u2014\u5371\u673a\u9884\u4f30\u201d\u201c\u4ecb\u5165\u2014\u5b9e\u65bd\u4ecb\u5165\u201d\u201c\u6210\u6548\u8bc4\u4f30\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u670d\u52a1\u8d28\u91cf\u201d\u7b49\u80fd\u529b\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u6574\u4e2a\u4ecb\u5165\u6d41\u7a0b,\u5305\u62ec\u4ece\u53d1\u73b0\u95ee\u9898,\u600e\u6837\u8ddf\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61\u5efa\u7acb\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898,\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u6bcf\u4e2a\u793e\u5de5\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u638c\u63e1,\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u670d\u52a1\u6210\u6548\u5f71\u54cd\u975e\u5e38\u5927\u3002(1L) <\/p>\n<p>\u4ecb\u5165\u524d\u7684\u9884\u4f30\u8981\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u89c6,\u73b0\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u4e2a\u6848\u505a\u4e0d\u597d\u5c31\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u9884\u4f30\u6ca1\u505a\u597d,\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u9884\u4f30\u90fd\u6ca1\u505a\u597d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u628a\u8ba1\u5212\u5f04\u51fa\u6765\u4e86\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c45\u6c11\u6765\u6c42\u52a9,\u793e\u5de5\u5c31\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u8981\u94b1,\u8fde\u4eba\u5bb6\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d44\u6e90\u7b49\u80cc\u666f\u72b6\u51b5\u6ca1\u641e\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8981\u94b1\u5c31\u7ed9\u94b1,\u90a3\u793e\u5de5\u6210\u4e86\u63d0\u6b3e\u673a\u5566!\u5176\u5b9e\u6848\u4e3b\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u7ecf\u6d4e\u662f\u4e0d\u9519\u7684,\u5c31\u662f\u5173\u7cfb\u6076\u52a3,\u8fd9\u65f6\u5019\u793e\u5de5\u5c31\u8981\u6539\u5584\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u4e2a\u6848\u8d70\u8fc7\u573a,\u5c31\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\u6ca1\u505a\u597d\u3002\u4e71\u6765\u3001\u778e\u6574\u7684\u8bdd,\u793e\u5de5\u600e\u6837\u4f53\u73b0\u4e13\u4e1a\u6027\u5462?(2K) <\/p>\n<p>\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b,\u201c\u4ecb\u5165\u2014\u7406\u8bba\u5e94\u7528\u201d\u80fd\u529b\u672a\u83b7\u901a\u8fc7,\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u5230\u6700\u540e\u884c\u4e0d\u901a\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5f88\u4f4e\u201d: <\/p>\n<p>\u5c31\u7b97\u5f88\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5,\u5230\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u884c\u5f97\u901a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u62ff\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f88\u9ad8\u5927\u4e0a\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6216\u8005\u6a21\u5f0f,\u5230\u6700\u540e\u884c\u4e0d\u901a,\u4f60\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u8bb2\u4e86\u534a\u5929\u201c\u4e13\u4e1a\u201d\u4e5f\u662f\u6ca1\u7528\u7684\u3002(2A) <\/p>\n<p>\u8001\u5b9e\u8bf4,\u4f60\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d3b\u52a8\u6216\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7ec4\u7684\u65f6\u5019,\u53ef\u80fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u60f3\u5230\u7684\u662f\u600e\u6837\u53bb\u641e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7ec4\u6216\u8005\u5b83\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u5185\u5bb9,\u540e\u6765\u624d\u4f1a\u60f3\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u8be5\u7528\u4ec0\u4e48\u539f\u7406\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u5148\u6709\u7406\u8bba\u53bb\u5f15\u5bfc\u5b9e\u52a1\u5f00\u5c55,\u800c\u662f\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u5148\u6709\u4e86\u5b9e\u52a1\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c,\u6211\u4eec\u518d\u53bb\u62fc\u51d1\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u5f88\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61,\u6240\u4ee5\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5f88\u4f4e\u3002(3C) <\/p>\n<p>\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u4f3c,\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u5b9e\u52a1\u6280\u5de7\u5c42\u9762\u90fd\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u89c6\u7684\u201c\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u80fd\u529b,\u4e5f\u88ab\u672c\u5730\u4e13\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u591f\u201c\u52a1\u5b9e\u201d\u548c\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u610f\u4e49\u201d\u800c\u88ab\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4e0d\u592a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u7814\u7a76\u80fd\u529b\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u5f88\u591a\u793e\u5de5\u91cd\u89c6\u3002\u793e\u5de5\u8fd9\u4e2a\u804c\u4e1a\u5f88\u52a1\u5b9e\u7684,\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u6ce8\u91cd\u670d\u52a1,\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u6bcf\u5e74\u8bc4\u4f30\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u90fd\u8bf4\u505a\u4e86\u591a\u5c11\u4efd\u8c03\u7814\u62a5\u544a,\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u89c9\u5f97,\u505a\u90a3\u4e48\u591a\u8c03\u7814\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u5417?\u5c31\u662f\u611f\u89c9\u4f60\u8ba9\u6211\u505a,\u90a3\u5c31\u53bb\u505a\u5457\u3002(3I) <\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u540e,\u7528\u4e00\u540d\u9ad8\u6821\u8001\u5e08\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\u66f4\u80fd\u770b\u51fa\u201c\u6280\u672f\u5316\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u8f85\u76f8\u6210\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5979\u8ba4\u4e3a,\u6280\u5de7\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u597d\u6bd4\u6811\u5e72,\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11,\u4f46\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u503e\u5411\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5982\u540c\u679d\u53f6,\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u6253\u4e2a\u6bd4\u65b9,\u6280\u5de7\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u662f\u4e00\u68f5\u6811\u7684\u6811\u5e72,\u8fd9\u4e9b(\u8bae\u9898\u5021\u8bae\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u56e0\u7d20)\u662f\u6811\u7684\u679d\u53f6\u3002\u679d\u53f6\u5f53\u7136\u91cd\u8981,\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u6811\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u66f4\u65fa\u76db,\u66f4\u6709\u751f\u547d\u529b\u3002\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u6811\u5e72\u7684\u8bdd,\u679d\u53f6\u5982\u4f55\u5b58\u5728\u5462?\u56e0\u6b64,\u8bae\u9898\u5021\u5bfc\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u7b49\u662f\u8f85\u52a9\u7684,\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u662f\u6ca1\u90a3\u4e48\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u80fd\u529b,\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u662f\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u5c31\u662f\u80fd\u505a\u597d\u793e\u5de5\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c,\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u6280\u5de7\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u5728\u91cc\u9762\u505a\u652f\u6491\u3002(1S) <\/p>\n<p>(\u56db)\u6279\u5224\u6027\u53cd\u601d\u610f\u8bc6:\u5176\u7f3a\u4f4d\u66f4\u52a0\u6df1\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u503e\u5411<\/p>\n<p>\u6279\u5224\u6027\u53cd\u601d\u610f\u8bc6\u672c\u6765\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u80fd\u529b\u89c6\u89d2\u4e3a\u4e86\u5236\u7ea6\u6280\u672f\u5316\u548c\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u503e\u5411\u800c\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5e94\u5bf9\u7b56\u7565,\u4f46\u5728\u6279\u5224\u6027\u53cd\u601d\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a,\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u76846\u9879\u6307\u6807\u5747\u672a\u80fd\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u4e0e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u201c\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u201d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e00\u6837,\u672c\u571f\u4e13\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u8fc7\u591a\u5730\u8fd0\u7528\u6279\u5224\u6027\u53cd\u601d\u53bb\u63a2\u8ba8\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb,\u53ea\u4f1a\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u201c\u6124\u4e16\u5ac9\u4fd7\u201d\u201c\u6d88\u6781\u201d\u548c\u201c\u79bb\u804c\u4e5f\u5f88\u5feb\u201d\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u592a\u6279\u5224\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u505a\u793e\u5de5\u3002\u4f60\u8981\u662f\u628a\u793e\u4f1a\u770b\u5f97\u592a\u900f\u4e86,\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u662f\u5f88\u5dee\u7684\u538b\u8feb,\u4f60\u8fd8\u6709\u5fc3\u60c5\u505a\u4e0b\u53bb\u5417?\u6124\u4e16\u5ac9\u4fd7\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u505a\u793e\u5de5,\u4f60\u6539\u53d8\u4e0d\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48,\u53cd\u800c\u4f1a\u66f4\u6d88\u6781\u3002\u5982\u770b\u5f00\u4e00\u70b9\u70b9,\u8be5\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5c31\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002(1N) <\/p>\n<p>\u524d\u7ebf\u793e\u5de5\u8d8a\u6279\u5224\u7684\u8bdd,\u79bb\u804c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8d8a\u5feb,\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u6ee1\u610f\u4f53\u5236\u3002\u793e\u5de5\u6709\u8f83\u5f3a\u7684\u6279\u5224\u7cbe\u795e\u662f\u597d\u4e8b,\u4f46\u662f\u8bf7\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u90fd\u662f\u8d8b\u5411\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u6d41\u7a0b,\u5230\u6700\u540e\u8fd8\u662f\u4ee5\u4f60\u6bcf\u5e74\u662f\u5426\u5b8c\u6210\u6307\u6807\u4e3a\u51c6\u3002(1F) <\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64,\u672c\u5730\u4e13\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6279\u5224\u6027\u53cd\u601d\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2a\u4eba\u6280\u672f\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u6210\u957f,\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u201c\u6279\u5224\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u6240\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u793e\u5de5\u673a\u6784\u201d\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u793e\u5de5\u9700\u8981\u6279\u5224\u53cd\u601d\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u6307\u5bfc\u5b9e\u8df5,\u4f46\u662f\u6709\u987a\u5e8f\u7684\u3002\u5148\u53cd\u7701\u81ea\u5df1,\u518d\u601d\u8003\u4ed6\u4eba,\u987a\u5e8f\u9519\u4e86\u5c31\u9ebb\u70e6\u3002(1F) <\/p>\n<p>\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u5de5\u8981\u5feb\u901f\u6210\u957f,\u8fbe\u5230\u670d\u52a1\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8981\u6c42,\u5c31\u8981\u5b66\u4f1a\u603b\u7ed3\u3001\u6279\u5224\u548c\u53cd\u601d\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u6279\u5224\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u6279\u5224\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u6240\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u793e\u5de5\u673a\u6784,\u800c\u662f\u5b66\u4f1a\u6279\u5224\u3001\u53cd\u601d\u81ea\u5df1\u8fc7\u5f80\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u624b\u6cd5\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u6a21\u5f0f\u7b49,\u603b\u7ed3\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u5f97\u4e0e\u5931\u3002(2N) <\/p>\n<p>\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5de5\u4f5c\u9677\u5165\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u65f6\u5019,\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u4f1a\u53cd\u601d\u6240\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u7684,\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u63a7\u5236\u597d\u60c5\u7eea,\u60c5\u7eea\u662f\u5426\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u6210\u6548,\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6027\u683c\u3001\u4eba\u683c\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u9002\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u505a\u793e\u5de5\u3002(3A) <\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u6279\u5224\u6027\u53cd\u601d\u8981\u670d\u4ece\u201c\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6280\u672f\u5316\u201d\u540e,\u8be5\u80fd\u529b\u5c31\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u72ac\u5112\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8981\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u2014\u53d1\u626c\u90a3\u4e9b\u9002\u5408\u672c\u571f\u60c5\u666f\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5373\u53ef\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u7ebf\u7684\u793e\u5de5\u5728\u6279\u5224\u53cd\u601d\u65b9\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u653e\u5f00\u4e00\u70b9,\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u9650\u5236\u4e2d\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4f60\u5148\u8981\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u57f9\u517b\u5f97\u6700\u597d,\u4f60\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u9650\u5236\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89d2\u8272,\u7136\u540e\u5207\u5408\u5b9e\u9645\u5730\u53bb\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u4f60\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u8fde\u4eba\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u8fc7\u6765,\u8fde\u548c\u793e\u533a\u3001\u8857\u9053\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u90fd\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u641e\u597d,\u51ed\u4ec0\u4e48\u53ef\u4ee5\u53cd\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e48\u591a\u4eba?(3B) <\/p>\n<p>\u516d\u3001\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e0e\u8ba8\u8bba<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u653f\u5e9c\u5927\u529b\u53d1\u5c55\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b,\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u5b9e\u52a1\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7ed3\u5408,\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u4ee5\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3a\u8f7d\u4f53,\u5bf9\u5e7f\u4e1c\u770120\u4f4d\u9ad8\u6821\u4e13\u4e1a\u8001\u5e08\u300114\u4f4d\u793e\u5de5\u673a\u6784\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u548c15\u4f4d\u8d44\u6df1\u793e\u5de5\u8fdb\u884c\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u8c03\u67e5,\u5f97\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u83b7\u5f97\u4e13\u5bb6\u5171\u8bc6\u7684\u201c\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u201d\u3002\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u76f8\u6bd4( ; ; ; ; ; ),\u8be5\u4f53\u7cfb\u66f4\u52a0\u5168\u9762\u548c\u7ec6\u81f4:\u7531\u4ef7\u503c\u4f26\u7406\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u5b9e\u52a1\u6280\u5de73\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u7ec4\u6210,\u5185\u542b24\u9879\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6307\u6807(\u89c1\u88687)\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5177\u6709\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5229\u7528\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9999\u6e2f\u5730\u533a\u7684\u884c\u4e1a\u6807\u51c6,\u6574\u7406\u51fa\u4e00\u4efd\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u95ee\u5377,\u5305\u62ec4\u4e2a\u9762\u5411\u548c50\u9879\u80fd\u529b\u6307\u6807(\u89c1\u88682)\u3002\u672c\u5730\u4e13\u5bb6\u901a\u8fc7\u53c2\u8003\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u6807\u51c6,\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u4e0d\u5168\u800c\u505a\u51fa\u6709\u9650\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u540c\u65f6,\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u8eab\u7ecf\u9a8c\u9009\u62e9\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7b26\u5408\u672c\u571f\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6307\u6807,\u4ece\u800c\u907f\u514d\u80fd\u529b\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64,\u8fd9\u4efd\u95ee\u5377\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u80fd\u529b\u6807\u51c6\u548c\u672c\u571f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u3002\u5728\u8d44\u6599\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0a,\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7387\u5148\u5f15\u5165\u201c\u53cc\u4e09\u89d2\u6a21\u7cca\u51fd\u6570\u6cd5\u201d,\u5145\u5206\u4fee\u6b63\u201c\u4f20\u7edf\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3,\u4e0d\u4f46\u987e\u53ca\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u610f\u89c1,\u8fd8\u4ec5\u7528\u4e24\u56de\u5408\u5c31\u8ba9\u6240\u6709\u6307\u6807\u8fbe\u6210\u5171\u8bc6,\u751a\u81f3\u8fd8\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e13\u5bb6\u5171\u8bc6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7a0b\u5ea6(G)\u3002\u6700\u540e,\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u4e3a\u4e86\u6700\u5927\u5316\u201c\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u6548\u5ea6,\u6267\u884c\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u201c\u4e13\u5bb6\u201d\u8ba4\u5b9a\u6807\u51c6,\u8fd8\u6784\u5efa\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e13\u5bb6\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u5f02\u8d28\u7ec4,\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u80fd\u591f\u5f97\u5230\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u9ad8\u6821\u8001\u5e08\u3001\u5927\u578b\u7684\u793e\u5de5\u673a\u6784\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u548c\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u8d44\u6df1\u793e\u5de5\u5bf9\u201c\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u610f\u89c1\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u8be5\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6307\u6807\u90fd\u662f\u9ad8\u6821\u6559\u80b2\u754c\u548c\u5b9e\u52a1\u754c\u5171\u540c\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u4ece\u4e8b\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u80fd\u529b,\u8fd9\u5c31\u4e3a\u9ad8\u6821\u6559\u80b2\u754c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u7248,\u8981\u6c42\u5b66\u6821\u5bf9\u6240\u6559\u6388\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8fdb\u884c\u68c0\u8ba8,\u786e\u4fdd\u5b66\u751f\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6559\u5b66\u548c\u5b9e\u4e60\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u884c\u4e1a\u534f\u4f1a\u66f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u8be5\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb,\u5bf9\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u4f5c\u51fa\u89c4\u7ba1,\u751a\u81f3\u5f00\u5c55\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8ba4\u8bc1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u53e6\u5916,\u65e5\u540e\u9488\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5728\u804c\u57f9\u8bad\u5e94\u907f\u514d\u201c\u9762\u9762\u4ff1\u5230\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6cdb\u6cdb\u800c\u8c08\u201d,\u76f8\u53cd,\u53ef\u56f4\u7ed5\u8fd9\u4e2a\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u768424\u9879\u6307\u6807\u8fdb\u884c\u4e13\u95e8\u3001\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u57f9\u517b\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u6837\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5efa\u8bbe,\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u624d\u80fd\u6709\u529b\u5730\u56de\u5e94\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u5927\u4f17\u4f20\u5a92\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5927\u4f17\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a,\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u4e8e\u201c\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u201d,\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u6765\u6982\u62ec\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e13\u5bb6\u5bf9\u672c\u5730\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u5728\u73b0\u6709\u6587\u732e\u4e2d,\u66fe\u5bb6\u8fbe\u548c\u6bb7\u5999\u4ef2(Tsang and )\u66fe\u4ee5\u201c\u4e2d\u4f53\u897f\u7528\u201d\u4e3a\u9898,\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ea\u8981\u4ee5\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u6709\u6587\u5316\u6216\u56fd\u60c5\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3,\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u7b26\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u6280\u672f\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u5165\u3002\u6bb7\u5999\u4ef2( )\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u201d(pragmatic)\u7684\u672c\u571f\u5316\u7b56\u7565,\u6307\u51fa\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u653e\u5728\u6b21\u8981\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e,\u56e0\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u51b3\u672c\u571f\u5b9e\u9645\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u6280\u672f\u624d\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002\u53d7\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u732e\u7684\u542f\u8fea,\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u5408\u672c\u5730\u4e13\u5bb6\u9009\u62e9\u201c\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u53ca\u903b\u8f91,\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6df1\u5316\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u201d\u6982\u5ff5,\u6307\u51fa\u5176\u603b\u4f53\u6027\u539f\u5219\u662f\u6307\u672c\u5730\u4e13\u5bb6\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba4\u540c\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5316\u6807\u51c6,\u800c\u662f\u6709\u610f\u9009\u62e9\u90a3\u4e9b\u9002\u5408\u672c\u571f\u60c5\u666f\u7684\u80fd\u529b(\u5373\u72ac\u5112\u601d\u60f3)\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u9664\u4e86\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u6027\u539f\u5219,\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u7d22\u5176\u5177\u4f53\u5316\u539f\u5219\u3002\u73b0\u6709\u6587\u732e\u5df2\u521d\u6b65\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u201c\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6280\u672f\u5316\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u63a2\u8ba8\u3002\u4f8b\u5982,\u6881\u82b7\u82b3\u7b49( )\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9\u5173\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed,\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6280\u672f\u5316\u201d\u975e\u5e38\u5de7\u5999\u5730\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u5f53\u5b98\u65b9\u8bdd\u8bed\u8bba\u8ff0\u628a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u90fd\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d23\u4efb,\u201c\u4ee5\u4eba\u4e3a\u672c\u201d\u4fbf\u6210\u4e3a\u65b0\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u6cbb\u7406\u7406\u5ff5,\u8fd9\u5c31\u8981\u6c42\u6cbb\u7406\u6280\u672f\u4e5f\u8981\u968f\u4e4b\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\u7ed3\u679c,\u4ee5\u8c03\u89e3\u201c\u5fc3\u7406\u529f\u80fd\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c31\u88ab\u5927\u529b\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u8bb8\u82f1( )\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u5de5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u8349\u6839\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u9010\u6e10\u6210\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u91cd\u70b9\u6276\u6301\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8f6c\u53d8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e,\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u9700\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u80fd\u591f\u91cd\u70b9\u5b9e\u8df5\u653f\u5e9c\u6240\u8d5e\u540c\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2(\u5982\u201c\u5173\u6000\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5229\u4ed6\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d),\u4f46\u4ee3\u4ef7\u662f\u6de1\u5316\u751a\u81f3\u727a\u7272\u4e13\u4e1a\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e9b\u6838\u5fc3\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2(\u5982\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u548c\u201c\u53c2\u4e0e\u201d)\u3002\u6881\u82b7\u82b3( )\u5bf9\u5e7f\u5dde\u548c\u6df1\u5733\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u8bbf\u8c08,\u53d1\u73b0\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e3a\u4e86\u83b7\u5f97\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8ba4\u540c,\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5c06\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u5eb7\u590d\u201d\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u6280\u5de7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9996\u8981\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\u65b9\u5411,\u4ece\u800c\u907f\u514d\u91c7\u53d6\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u53d6\u5411\u7684\u624b\u6cd5\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u732e\u76f8\u547c\u5e94,\u540c\u6837\u6307\u51fa\u201c\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6280\u672f\u5316\u201d\u7684\u503e\u5411\u3002\u4f46\u662f,\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u7eb3\u5165\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u201d\u6982\u5ff5,\u89c6\u4e3a\u5177\u4f53\u5316\u539f\u5219:\u201c\u9002\u5408\u672c\u571f\u60c5\u666f\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u6307\u201c\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6280\u672f\u5316\u201d\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4,\u672c\u5730\u4e13\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a,\u5bf9\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5411,\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u8fd0\u7528\u5b8f\u89c2(\u5982\u201c\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u56e0\u7d20\u201d\u548c\u201c\u653f\u7b56\u5b9e\u8df5\u201d)\u6216\u6fc0\u8fdb(\u201c\u8bae\u9898\u5021\u8bae\u201d\u548c\u201c\u589e\u6743\u201d)\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u76f8\u53cd,\u201c\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u9700\u8981\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u793e\u4f1a\u6539\u826f\u201d\u7b49\u65b9\u5411\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u4e2d\u8fd0\u7528,\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u4e0d\u4f1a\u635f\u5bb3\u793e\u5de5\u673a\u6784\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u53e6\u5916,\u672c\u5730\u4e13\u5bb6\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u504f\u597d\u6280\u672f\u5316\u80fd\u529b,\u662f\u5bc4\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e9b\u80fd\u591f\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5e2e\u52a9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u89e3\u51b3\u5b9e\u9645\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u80fd\u529b(\u598212\u9879\u201c\u5b9e\u52a1\u6280\u5de7\u201d\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u6307\u6807)\u5bfb\u627e\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u548c\u8ba4\u53d7\u6027\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u80fd\u529b\u89c6\u89d2\u76f8\u6bd4,\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u70b9\u533a\u522b:\u4e00\u65b9\u9762,\u897f\u65b9\u80fd\u529b\u89c6\u89d2\u6df1\u53d7\u5148\u8fdb\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u798f\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u6539\u9769\u4e2d\u5f15\u5165\u5e02\u573a\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5f71\u54cd,\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u8ffd\u6c42\u6807\u51c6\u5316,\u751a\u81f3\u5168\u7403\u5316\u3002\u56e0\u6b64,\u5176\u4e09\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81(\u5168\u7403\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u3001\u6280\u672f\u5316\u548c\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316)\u662f\u5e76\u5217\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3002\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u80fd\u529b\u89c6\u89d2\u5219\u662f\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5168\u7403\u5316\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b,\u672c\u5730\u4e13\u5bb6\u7ed3\u5408\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236,\u4ea7\u751f\u672c\u571f\u7684\u5e94\u6fc0\u548c\u9009\u62e9\u539f\u5219,\u504f\u5411\u90a3\u4e9b\u7b26\u5408\u672c\u5730\u60c5\u666f\u548c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u9645\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u6765\u8bf4,\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u662f\u201c\u72ac\u5112\u201d,\u4f46\u8868\u73b0\u662f\u201c\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6280\u672f\u5316\u201d\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762,\u5f53\u897f\u65b9\u80fd\u529b\u89c6\u89d2\u4e3a\u4e86\u6291\u5236\u201c\u6280\u672f\u5316\u201d\u548c\u201c\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u201d\u7684\u503e\u5411\u800c\u53d1\u5c55\u201c\u6279\u5224\u6027\u53cd\u601d\u201d( ; )\u65f6,\u672c\u5730\u4e13\u5bb6\u5374\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u516d\u9879\u80fd\u529b\u90fd\u4e0d\u7279\u522b\u91cd\u8981,\u751a\u81f3\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u201c\u6280\u672f\u5316\u201d\u548c\u201c\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u201d\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4,\u201c\u6279\u5224\u6027\u53cd\u601d\u201d\u7684\u7f3a\u4f4d\u4f7f\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u201d\u65e0\u6cd5\u53bb\u9664\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u70d9\u5370\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba,\u4ece\u800c\u5f52\u7eb3\u51fa\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u53cd\u6620\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u9636\u6bb5\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u7279\u5f81,\u90a3\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d1\u5c55\u6001\u52bf\u5462?\u7b14\u8005\u66fe\u8fd0\u7528\u6587\u672c\u5206\u6790\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u64b0\u6587\u6307\u51fa,\u5f53\u524d\u4e2d\u56fd\u5173\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u6587\u732e\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4e0d\u5408\u60c5\u5883\u5730\u751f\u642c\u786c\u5957\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u89c2\u70b9,\u5bf9\u672c\u571f\u5316\u53d1\u5c55\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790( )\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0,\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u660e\u663e\u6709\u8fdd\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u6240\u5021\u5bfc\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u5f62\u6001\u3002\u5b83\u65e2\u4e0d\u8ba4\u540c\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u6240\u575a\u6301\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2,\u5982\u201c\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\u201d,\u53c8\u4e0d\u63d0\u5021\u897f\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u6240\u770b\u91cd\u7684\u201c\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u201c\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\u201c\u5021\u5bfc\u201d\u548c\u201c\u589e\u6743\u201d\u7b49\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u5b9e\u52a1\u6280\u5de7,\u751a\u81f3\u8fde\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ea0\u6b63\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u201c\u6280\u672f\u5316\u201d\u548c\u201c\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u201d\u7684\u503e\u5411,\u5728\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u4e0a\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u575a\u6301\u7684\u201c\u6279\u5224\u6027\u53cd\u601d\u201d\u4e5f\u88ab\u6452\u5f03\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5426\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6b63\u8fdc\u79bb\u201c\u4e13\u4e1a\u201d\u8981\u6c42\u5462? <\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u770b,\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u6070\u6070\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u6559\u80b2\u754c\u3001\u5b9e\u52a1\u754c\u4e0e\u672c\u571f\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u6587\u5316\u7b49\u793e\u4f1a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e92\u52a8\u3001\u5efa\u6784\u540e\u7684\u4ea7\u7269( ),\u662f\u4e0e\u5168\u7403\u6807\u51c6\u8fe5\u5f02\u7684\u672c\u571f\u5316\u8bdd\u8bed\u8bba\u8ff0\u3002\u6c83\u987f\u548c\u7eb3\u65af(Walton and )\u66fe\u6307\u51fa,\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5:\u4e8c\u6218\u4e4b\u540e\u4ece\u897f\u65b9\u5b8c\u5168\u690d\u5165\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u9636\u6bb5;\u88ab\u690d\u5165\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5f00\u59cb\u53cd\u601d\u3001\u4fee\u6539\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u7684\u672c\u571f\u5316\u9636\u6bb5;\u77e5\u8bc6\u5b8c\u5168\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u672c\u571f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3001\u7b26\u5408\u672c\u571f\u60c5\u666f\u8109\u7edc\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u5982\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u793a,\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u6559\u80b2\u754c\u4e0e\u5b9e\u52a1\u754c\u5c1a\u672a\u4ece\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u62d2\u7edd\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8981\u6c42(\u5982\u7b2c\u4e09\u9636\u6bb5\u6240\u8981\u6c42),\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u4e3b\u89c2\u80fd\u52a8\u6027\u4ece\u4e2d\u9009\u53d6\u90a3\u4e9b\u9002\u5408\u672c\u571f\u60c5\u666f\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1,\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u663e\u793a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u53d1\u5c55(\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u5e7f\u5dde\u6765\u8bf4)\u5df2\u8fdb\u5165\u6c83\u987f\u548c\u7eb3\u65af(Walton and )\u6240\u8bb2\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9636\u6bb5\u2014\u2014\u2014\u201c\u672c\u571f\u5316\u201d,\u5c24\u5176\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u6cbb\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u548c\u6280\u672f\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u5f15\u8fdb\u6765\u589e\u5f3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8ba4\u53d7\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64,\u5f53\u8bc4\u5224\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u5728\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u8981\u6c42\u751a\u81f3\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u53d1\u5c55\u6001\u52bf\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u65f6\u5019,\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u5c06\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u897f\u65b9\u6240\u5021\u5bfc\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u5f62\u6001\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u201c\u4e0d\u4e13\u4e1a\u201d\u3002\u66f4\u9700\u8981\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u662f,\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u662f\u5426\u90fd\u8d5e\u540c\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d1\u5c55\u6001\u52bf?\u5982\u679c\u6709\u793e\u5de5\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u3001\u5b9e\u52a1\u8005,\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u5b66\u751f\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u201c\u4e13\u5bb6\u201d\u4e00\u6837\u5bf9\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u5171\u8bc6,\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u600e\u6837\u901a\u8fc7\u518d\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f,\u53bb\u53cd\u5bf9\u3001\u6297\u8861\u548c\u626d\u8f6c\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d,\u4ece\u800c\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u66f4\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u8bba\u8ff0?\u53ef\u60dc,\u7531\u4e8e\u7bc7\u5e45\u95ee\u9898,\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u65e0\u6cd5\u5bf9\u6b64\u5c55\u5f00\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002 <\/p>\n<p>\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/p>\n<p><a>[]\u8521\u5c79\u3001\u4f55\u96ea\u677e.2012.\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u624d\u7684\u4e09\u7ef4\u80fd\u529b\u6a21\u578b&#8212;\u57fa\u4e8e\u793e\u5de5\u673a\u6784\u7684\u8d28\u6027\u7814\u7a76[J].\u534e\u4e1c\u7406\u5de5\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5(\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7248)(4):17-26.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]\u9648\u662d\u5b8f.2001.\u4e9a\u592a\u6e2f\u57e0\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u4e0e\u6838\u5fc3\u80fd\u529b\u6307\u6807\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76[J].\u8fd0\u8f93\u5b66(1):1-25.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]\u90f8\u5578.2011.\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u79d1\u5b66[J].\u9ad8\u6559\u7814\u7a76(2):101-104.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u53f8.2004.\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u5e72\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6559\u80b2\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u6c42[M].\u5317\u4eac:\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]\u96f7\u6770.2014.\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316,\u8fd8\u662f\u53bb\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316?\u8bba\u6211\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u8bdd\u8bed\u8bba\u8ff0[G]\/\/\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76(\u7b2c11\u8f91).\u5317\u4eac:\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]\u96f7\u6770\u3001\u7f57\u5173\u7fe0\u3001\u6bb5\u9e4f\u98de\u3001\u8521\u5929.2015.\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u8d2d\u4e70\u5bb6\u5ead\u7efc\u5408\u670d\u52a1\u5206\u6790\u7814\u7a76[M].\u5317\u4eac:\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]\u6797\u8bda\u5f66\u3001\u5353\u5f69\u7434.2012.\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e13\u4e1a\u672c\u79d1\u6559\u80b2\u6838\u5fc3\u80fd\u529b\u672c\u571f\u5316\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u63a2\u7d22[J].\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c(7):22-26.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]\u5218\u658c\u5fd7.2013.\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e13\u4e1a\u6838\u5fc3\u80fd\u529b\u53ca\u5176\u57f9\u517b[J].\u6559\u80b2\u8bc4\u8bba(5):33-35.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]\u9a6c\u707f.2010.\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7d20\u8d28\u6a21\u578b\u8bbe\u8ba1[J].\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c(1):14-16.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]\u738b\u601d\u658c.2015.\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u53d1\u5c55\u6765\u89e3\u51b3[N].\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u62a5,1\u670823\u65e5\u7b2c5\u7248.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]\u6731\u5065\u521a\u3001\u9648\u5b89\u5a1c.2013.\u5d4c\u5165\u4e2d\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0e\u8857\u533a\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb&#8212;\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u5e9c\u8d2d\u4e70\u670d\u52a1\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u4e2a\u6848\u5206\u6790[J].\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76(1):1-20.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]\u6731\u9759\u541b\u3001\u960e\u5b89.2005.\u5bf9\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u201d\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7279\u8272\u7684\u601d\u8003[J].\u5e7f\u4e1c\u5de5\u4e1a\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5(\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7248)(S1):183-184.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]Blyth,Eric.2009.\u201cThe Professionalization of Social Work in England.\u201dChina Journal of Social Work 2(2):131-141.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.cnki.net\/result.aspx?q=Achieving%20Competence%20in%20Social%20Work%20Through%20Field%20Education\">[]Bogo,Marion.2010.Achieving Competence in Social Work Through Field Education.Toronto:University of Toronto Press.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]Bogo,Marion,Cheryl Regehr,Roxanne Power,Judy Hughes,Michael Woodford,and Glenn Regehr.2004.\u201cToward New Approaches for Evaluating Student Field Performance:Tapping the Implicit Criteria Used by Experienced Field Instructors.\u201dJournal of Social Work Education 40(3):417-426.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.cnki.net\/result.aspx?q=A%20response%20to%20the%20debates%20between%20Hutchings%20and%20Taylor%20and%20Jia%20on%20the%20Global%20Standards%20in%20China\">[]Cheng,Sheng-Li.2008.\u201cA Response to the Debates between Hutchings and Taylor and Jia on the Global Standards in China.\u201dInternational Journal of Social Welfare 17(4):396-399.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]Clark,Sherrill.2003.\u201cThe California Collaboration.\u201dJournal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 7(1):135-157.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]Colby,Ira.2009.\u201cAn Overview of Social Work Education in the United States:New Directions and New Opportunities.\u201dChina Journal of Social Work 2(2):119-130.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]Dalkey,Norman and Olaf Helmer.1963.\u201cAn Experimental Application of the Delphi Method to the Use of Experts.\u201dManagement Science 9(3):458-467.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.cnki.net\/result.aspx?q=Group%20Techniques%20for%20Program%20Planning:A%20Guide%20to%20Nominal%20Group%20and%20Delphi%20Process\">[]Delbecq,Andre L.,Andrew H.van de Ven,and David H.Gustafson.1986.Group Techniques for Program Planning:A Guide to Nominal Group and Delphi Process.Wisconsin:Greenbriar.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]Dzeng,Ren-Jye and Kuo-Sheng Wen.2005.\u201cEvaluating Project Teaming Strategies for Construction of Taipei 101 Using Resource-Based Theory.\u201dInternational Journal of Project Management 23(6):483-491.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.cnki.net\/result.aspx?q=Deprofessionalizing%20social%20work:Anti-oppressive%20practice,competencies%20and%20postmodernism\">[]Dominelli,Lena.1996.\u201cDeprofessionalizing Social Work:Anti-Oppressive Practice,Competencies and Postmodernism.\u201dBritish Journal of Social Work 26(2):153-175.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.cnki.net\/result.aspx?q=Dilemmasof%20international%20social%20work:Paradoxical%20processes%20inindigenisation,universalism%20and%20imperialism\">[]Gray,Mel.2005.\u201cDilemmas of International Social Work:Paradoxical Processes in Indigenisation,Universalism and Imperialism.\u201dInternational Journal of Social Welfare14(3):231-238.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]Green,Barbara,Melanie Jones,David Hughes,and Anne Williams.1999.\u201cApplying the Delphi Technique in a Study of GPs\u2019Information Requirements.\u201dHealth and Social Care in the Community 7(3):198-205.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]Hutchings,Anna and Imogen Taylor.2007.\u201cDefining the Profession?Exploring an International Definition of Social Work in the China Context.\u201dInternational Journal of Social Welfare 16(4):382-390.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]Jia,Cunfu.2008.\u201cCorrecting Misconcpetions about Development of Soocial Work in China:AResponse to Hutchings and Taylor.\u201dInternational Journal of Social Welfare 17(1):98-101.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]Lee,Amy H.I.,Wei-Ming Wang,and Tsia-Ying Lin.2010a.\u201cAn Evaluation Framework for Technology Transfer of New Equipment in High Technology Industry.\u201dTechnological Forecasting and Social Change 77(1):135-150.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]Lee,Amy H.I.,Wei-Ming Wang,and Tsia-Ying Lin.2010b.\u201cThe Construction of a Comprehensive Model for Production Strategy Evaluation.\u201dFuzzy Optimization and Decision Making 9(2):187-217.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]Leung,Terry Tse Fong,Ngai Ming Yip,Ronggui Huang,and Ying Wu.2012.\u201cGovernmentality and the Politicisation of Social Work in China.\u201dBritish Journal of Social Work 29(6):1-21.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.cnki.net\/result.aspx?q=The%20Work%20Sites%20as%20Ground%20of%20Contest:%20Professionalisation%20of%20Social%20Work%20in%20China\">[]Leung,Terry Tse Fong.2012.\u201cThe Work Sites as Ground of Contest:Professionalisation of Social Work in China.\u201dBritish Journal of Social Work 42(2):335-352.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]Lin,Chiahsu.2013.\u201cApplication of Fuzzy Delphi Method(FDM)and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process(FAHP)to Criteria Weights for Fashion Design Scheme Evaluation.\u201dInternational Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 25(3):171-183.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/KXReader\/Detail?dbcode=CJFD&amp;filename=SHEH201701008&amp;uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhdkJkcGkxU3VwdG91eFRiVTY0RllkTFpHSy9COD0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!\">[]Linstone,Harold A.and Murray Turoff.1975.\u201cIntroduction.\u201dIn The Delphi Method:Techniques and Applications,edited by Harold A.Linstone and Murray Turoff.Reading:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.cnki.net\/result.aspx?q=Using%20Delphi%20to%20achieve%20congruent%20objectives%20and%20activities%20in%20a%20pediatrics%20department\">[]Loughlin,Keith G.and Larry F.Moore.1979.\u201cUsing Delphi to Achieve Congruent Objectives and Activities in A Pediatrics Department.\u201dJournal of Medical Education 54(2):101-106.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.cnki.net\/result.aspx?q=Negotiating%20the%20Contradictions%20between%20Competence%20and%20Creativity%20in%20Social%20Work%20Education\">[]Lymbery,Mark E.F.2003.\u201cNegotiating the Contradictions between Competence and Creativity in Social Work Education.\u201dJournal of Social Work 3(1):99-117.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]Murray,Thomas J.,Leo L.Pipino,and John P.van Gigch.1985.\u201cA Pilot Study of Fuzzy Set Modification of Delphi.\u201dHuman Systems Management 5(1):76-80.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]Naito-Chan,Edna,Joann Damron-Rodriguez,and W.June Simmons.2005.\u201cIdentifying Competencies for Geriatric Social Work Practice.\u201dJournal of Gerontological Social Work43(43):59-78.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.cnki.net\/result.aspx?q=&amp;quot;Competence:An%20Enduring%20Concept.&amp;quot;\">[]O\u2019Hagan,Kieran.2007.\u201cCompetence:An Enduring Concept.\u201dIn Competence in Social Work Practice:A Practical Guide for Students and Professionals,edtied by Kieran O\u2019Hagan.London:Jessica Kingsley Publishers.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.cnki.net\/result.aspx?q=Modern%20Social%20Work%20Theory\">[]Payne,Malcolm.2005.Modern Social Work Theory.New York:Palgrave Macmillan.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]Powell,Catherine.2003.\u201cEarly Indicators of Child Abuse and Neglect:A MultiProfessional Delphi Study.\u201dChild Abuse Review12(1):25-40.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.cnki.net\/result.aspx?q=Social%20Policy:An%20Introduction\">[]Titmuss,Richard M.1974.Social Policy:An Introduction.London:George Allen and Unwin Ltd.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.cnki.net\/result.aspx?q=Chinese%20corpus,%20western%20application:%20The%20Chinese%20strategy%20of%20engagement%20with%20western%20social%20work%20discourse\">[]Tsang,A.Ka Ttat and Miu Chung Yan.2001.\u201cChinese Corpus,Western Application:In the Chinese Strategy of Engagement with Western Social Work Discourse.\u201dInternational Social Work 44(4):433-454.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.cnki.net\/result.aspx?q=&amp;quot;Competence%20in%20Social%20Work%20and%20Probation%20Practice.&amp;quot;\">[]Vass,Antony Avass.1996.\u201cCompetence in Social Work and Probation Practice.\u201dIn Social Work Competences:Core Knowledge,Values and Skills,edited by Antony Avass.Vass.London:Sage.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.cnki.net\/result.aspx?q=Indigenization%20and%20authentization%20in%20terms%20of%20social%20work%20in%20Egypt\">[]Walton,Ronald G.and Medhat M.Abo El Nasr.1988.\u201cThe Indigenization and Authentization of Social Work in Egypt.\u201dInternational Social Work 31(3):135-144.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.cnki.net\/result.aspx?q=Moral%20Resources,Political%20Capital%20and%20the%20Development%20of%20Social%20Work%20in%20China;A%20Case%20Study%20of%20City%20J%20in%20Shandong%20Province\">[]Xu,Ying.2013.\u201cMoral Resources,Political Capital and the Development of Social Work in China:A Case Study of City J in Shandong Province.\u201dBritish Journal of Social Work43(8):1589-1610.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a>[]Yan,Miu Chung.2013.\u201cTowards a Pragmatic Approach:A Critical Examination of Two Assumptions of Indigenization Discourse.\u201dChina Journal of Social Work 6(1):14-24.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.cnki.net\/result.aspx?q=A%20Snapshot%20on%20the%20Development%20of%20Social%20Work%20Education%20in%20China:%20A%20Delphi%20Study\">[]Yan,Miu Chung and A.Ka Ttat Tsang.2005.\u201cA Snapshot on the Development of Social Work Education in China:A Delphi Study.\u201dSocial Work Education 24(8):883-901.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.cnki.net\/result.aspx?q=A%20Chinese%20cultural%20critique%20of%20the%20global%20qualifying%20standards%20for%20social%20work%20education\">[]Yip,Kam-Shing.2004.\u201cA Chinese Cultural Critique of the Global Qualifying Standards for Social Work Education.\u201dSocial Work Education 23(23):597-612.<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u96f7\u6770 \u9ec4\u5a49\u6021 \u4e2d\u5c71\u5927\u5b66&nbsp; \u793e\u4f1a 2017,01(37),211-241 &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/?p=9294\">\u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[174,114,122],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9294","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-174","category-114","category-122"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9294","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9294"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9294\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9621,"href":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9294\/revisions\/9621"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9294"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9294"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9294"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}