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2019\u5e7401\u670816\u65e5 09:30 \u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7f51-\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u62a5 \u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u848b\u9038\u6c11<\/p>\n

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\u3000\u3000\u201c\u7b80\u5316\u8bba\u201d \u201c\u7b80\u5316\u8bba\u201d\uff08reductionism\uff09\u6307\u7684\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7528\u4e2a\u4f53\u5c42\u6b21\u6570\u636e\u6216\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7528\u6bd4\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5355\u4f4d\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u5f97\u51fa\u6709\u5173\u6bd4\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\uff08\u6216\u96c6\u7fa4\u7684\uff09\u5206\u6790\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6536\u96c6\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u4e2a\u4eba\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u5f97\u51fa\u6709\u5173\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u201c\u7b80\u5316\u4f26\u201d\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5355\u4f4d\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5355\u4f4d\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u67d0\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u4e2a\u6027\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u5177\u6709\u83b7\u5f97\u91cd\u8981\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u4e2a\u6027\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u53bb\u6d4b\u91cf\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u4e2a\u6027\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5ba3\u79f0\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u8d2b\u7a77\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u72af\u4e86\u201c\u7b80\u5316\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4ec5\u4ec5\u901a\u8fc7\u89c2\u6d4b\u4eba\u7684\u4e2a\u6027\u7b49\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u5c31\u8bd5\u56fe\u89e3\u91ca\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7b49\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u4e2a\u4eba\u8fd9\u4e00\u5206\u6790\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u793e\u4f1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4ed6\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u7f3a\u4e4f\u3001\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u3001\u63a5\u8fde\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u843d\u540e\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u3001\u6570\u4ee5\u4e07\u8ba1\u7684\u9965\u6c11\u7b49\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5bfc\u81f4\u201c\u7b80\u5316\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u8c03\u67e5\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u83b7\u5f97\u6709\u5173\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u800c\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u6b21\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u5f80\u5f80\u6bd4\u8f83\u62bd\u8c61\u548c\u6a21\u7cca\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u201c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u6982\u62ec\u201d \u201c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u6982\u62ec\u201d\uff08overgeneralization\uff09\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6307\u628a\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u6536\u96c6\u5230\u7684\u6709\u6548\u8bc1\u636e\u63a8\u5e7f\u5230\u6709\u6548\u8303\u56f4\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u9650\u6982\u62ec\u624d\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u5408\u9002\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c11\u91cf\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u67d0\u4e2a\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u6982\u62ec\u65f6\uff0c\u6240\u505a\u7684\u63a8\u8bba\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u8bc1\u636e\u7684\u6709\u6548\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u3001\u4e8b\u3001\u7269\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5176\u5b9e\u6240\u77e5\u751a\u5c11\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6beb\u65e0\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7565\u6709\u6240\u77e5\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u6982\u62ec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u5408\u60c5\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002\u4e3e\u4f8b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u591a\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u67d0\u4eba\u6240\u8ba4\u8bc6\u76845\u4f4d\u76f2\u4eba\u5168\u90fd\u975e\u5e38\u53cb\u5584\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u8bba\u6240\u6709\u7684\u76f2\u4eba\u90fd\u53cb\u5584\u5417\uff1f\u67d0\u4eba\u6240\u63a5\u89e6\u76845\u4f4d\u76f2\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5145\u5206\u5730\u4ee3\u8868\u6240\u6709\u7684\u76f2\u4eba\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u201c\u5c42\u6b21\u8c2c\u8bef\u201d \u201c\u5c42\u6b21\u8c2c\u8bef\u201d\u53c8\u79f0\u201c\u751f\u6001\u8c2c\u8bef\u201d\uff08ecological fallacy\uff09\u3001\u201c\u533a\u7fa4\u8c2c\u8bef\u201d\u6216\u201c\u4f53\u7cfb\u9519\u8bef\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u4e0a\u9762\u6240\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u201c\u7b80\u5316\u8bba\u201d\u6b63\u597d\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u8c03\u67e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u662f\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u96c6\u7fa4\u5206\u6790\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u7528\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u6216\u975e\u96c6\u7fa4\u5206\u6790\u5355\u4f4d\u4f5c\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u96c6\u7fa4\u5206\u6790\u5355\u4f4d\u4e0a\u6536\u96c6\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u6216\u975e\u96c6\u7fa4\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5355\u4f4d\u4e0a\u6765\u4e0b\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u67d0\u4f4d\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u641c\u96c6\u6709\u5173\u5927\u96c6\u7fa4\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u57ce\u5e02\u3001\u516c\u53f8\u6216\u5de5\u5382\uff09\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5374\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u62bd\u51fa\u6709\u5173\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u72af\u4e86\u201c\u5c42\u6b21\u8c2c\u8bef\u201d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u4ee5\u57ce\u5e02\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u5355\u4f4d\u8c03\u67e5\u72af\u7f6a\u73b0\u8c61\u65f6\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6d41\u52a8\u4eba\u53e3\u591a\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u72af\u7f6a\u7387\u5927\u5927\u9ad8\u4e8e\u6d41\u52a8\u4eba\u53e3\u5c11\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5448\u73b0\u201c\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u6d41\u52a8\u4eba\u53e3\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u7387\u5c31\u8d8a\u9ad8\u201d\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\u8bf4\u201c\u6d41\u52a8\u4eba\u53e3\u6bd4\u975e\u6d41\u52a8\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u7387\u9ad8\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u72af\u4e86\u5c42\u6b21\u8c2c\u8bef\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\u8d44\u6599\u662f\u4ee5\u57ce\u5e02\uff08\u5206\u6790\u5355\u4f4d\u662f\u793e\u533a\uff09\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u641c\u96c6\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u6709\u5173\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u6709\u5173\u6d41\u52a8\u4eba\u53e3\u548c\u975e\u6d41\u52a8\u4eba\u53e3\uff08\u5206\u6790\u5355\u4f4d\u662f\u7fa4\u4f53\uff09\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8981\u5f97\u51fa\u6709\u5173\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u8981\u7528\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u72af\u7f6a\u7387\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5373\u5e94\u8be5\u7528\u7fa4\u4f53\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u5355\u4f4d\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u6536\u96c6\u6709\u5173\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u201c\u5c42\u6b21\u8c2c\u8bef\u201d\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u6839\u6e90\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6839\u636e\u5bf9\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u5c31\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u4f5c\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u5404\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u6240\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5bf9\u9020\u6210\u8be5\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u505a\u51fa\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5373\u7528\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u201c\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u89c2\u5bdf\u201d \u201c\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u89c2\u5bdf\u201d\uff08selective observation\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5f53\u7279\u522b\u6ce8\u610f\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u6216\u4e8b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6839\u636e\u4ed6\uff08\u5b83\uff09\u4eec\u7684\u7279\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u6982\u62ec\u65f6\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u628a\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u6216\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u7b26\u5408\u6211\u4eec\u539f\u6765\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u65f6\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5e38\u5e38\u7559\u610f\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u8bc1\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u77e5\u9053\u6216\u662f\u5df2\u7ecf\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u800c\u5ffd\u7565\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u76f8\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u7b26\u5408\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u6cd5\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7279\u522b\u654f\u9510\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u4f53\u91cd\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u4eba\u6bd4\u8f83\u53cb\u5584\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u5ff5\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u523b\u677f\u5370\u8c61\u6216\u8005\u51fa\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u4ed6\u4eec\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u4e0d\u81ea\u89c9\u5730\u7279\u522b\u6ce8\u610f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7b11\u5bb9\u53ca\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8868\u60c5\u3002\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u201c\u6311\u51fa\u201d\u548c\u6b6a\u66f2\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bb0\u5fc6\u66f4\u7b26\u5408\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u8fc7\u5ea6\u89e3\u91ca\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u624b\u52bf\u6216\u7b11\u5bb9\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u592a\u6ce8\u610f\u4e0e\u539f\u6765\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u53cb\u5584\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u201c\u8fc7\u65e9\u5984\u4e0b\u65ad\u8a00\u201d\u3000\u3000\u201c\u8fc7\u65e9\u5984\u4e0b\u65ad\u8a00\u201d\uff08premature closure\uff09\u8fd9\u79cd\u9519\u8bef\u5e38\u4e0e\u201c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u6982\u62ec\u201d\u548c\u201c\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u89c2\u5bdf\u201d\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u4e00\u8d77\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u5316\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u6027\u3002\u201c\u8fc7\u65e9\u5984\u4e0b\u65ad\u8a00\u201d\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5f53\u4f60\u89c9\u5f97\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u503e\u542c\u3001\u5411\u5916\u5bfb\u627e\u4fe1\u606f\u6216\u662f\u63d0\u51fa\u8d28\u7591\u4e4b\u65f6\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u4e9b\u61d2\u60f0\u6216\u9a6c\u864e\uff0c\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bc1\u636e\u6216\u8005\u89c2\u5bdf\u67d0\u4e8b\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5c31\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u5168\u5f04\u6e05\u695a\u4e86\uff0c\u5306\u5fd9\u786e\u5b9a\u6216\u62d2\u7edd\u67d0\u4e2a\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u9a6c\u4e0a\u4f9d\u636e\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u8bc1\u636e\u5c31\u5984\u4e0b\u65ad\u8bed\u6216\u4f5c\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u201c\u5149\u73af\u6548\u5e94\u201d \u201c\u5149\u73af\u6548\u5e94\u201d\uff08halo effect\uff09\u53c8\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6655\u8f6e\u6548\u5e94\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4eba\u4eec\u4f1a\u6309\u7167\u81ea\u5df1\u80af\u5b9a\u6216\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u505a\u51fa\u8fc7\u5ea6\u6982\u62ec\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6234\u6069\u7b49\u4eba\u505a\u8fc7\u4e00\u9879\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u5148\u7ed9\u88ab\u8bd5\u8005\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u7269\u7167\u7247\u5e76\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7167\u7247\u533a\u5206\u4e3a\u6709\u9b45\u529b\u3001\u65e0\u9b45\u529b\u548c\u4e2d\u7b49\u9b45\u529b\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8ba9\u88ab\u8bd5\u8005\u5bf9\u7167\u7247\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5224\u522b\u4e0e\u9b45\u529b\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u5a5a\u59fb\u3001\u804c\u4e1a\u72b6\u51b5\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u4e0a\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7279\u6027\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u9b45\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u5f97\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u7167\u7247\u4e0a\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u4ec5\u4ec5\u56e0\u4e3a\u957f\u5f97\u6f02\u4eae\u5c31\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u5b9a\u5177\u6709\u79ef\u6781\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u54c1\u8d28\uff0c\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u597d\u770b\u7684\u4eba\u88ab\u770b\u6210\u7f3a\u4e4f\u79ef\u6781\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u54c1\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n

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