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Cowen\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u672a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u5047\u8bf4\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a21\u4e16\u7eaa\u65b0\u7684\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u6b65\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5177\u6709\u83b7\u53d6\u516c\u5171\u8d44\u6e90\u7528\u4e8e\u6295\u8d44\u5728\u4ec5\u4f7f\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u83b7\u76ca\u7684\u201c\u79c1\u4eba\u4ea7\u54c1\u201d\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u65e0\u52a9\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u6536\u5165\u589e\u957f\uff08Cowen\uff0c2011\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u548c\u6280\u672f\u53d8\u5316\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u52a8\u60e0\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u6240\u6709\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u5c1a\u672a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u6b65\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u52a8\u6e17\u900f\u5230\u6240\u6709\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u6240\u6709\u7684\u90e8\u95e8\u548c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u8981\u7d20\u4e0a\u9762\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u8f76\u4e8b\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u5c31\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u636e\u8bf4\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u62c5\u4efb\u4e9a\u6d32\u67d0\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u5e9c\u987e\u95ee\u7684\u7c73\u5c14\u987f\u00b7\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u66fc\uff08Milton Friedman\uff09\u5728\u8003\u5bdf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u578b\u516c\u5171\u5de5\u7a0b\u9879\u76ee\u65f6\u53d1\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5947\u602a\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u4eec\u6325\u821e\u7740\u94c1\u9539\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9a7e\u9a76\u63a8\u571f\u673a\u3001\u62d6\u62c9\u673a\u7b49\u91cd\u578b\u8bbe\u5907\u8fdb\u884c\u65bd\u5de5\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u7591\u60d1\uff0c\u672c\u5730\u5b98\u5458\u56de\u7b54\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5efa\u8bbe\u9879\u76ee\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u201c\u5c31\u4e1a\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u63d0\u9ad8\u52b3\u52a8\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u5929\u7ecf\u5730\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u63d0\u9ad8\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u672c\u8be5\u553e\u624b\u53ef\u5f97\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5927\u5e08\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u582a\u79f0\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u8bbd\u55bb\u6027\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u8ba9\u5de5\u4eba\u7528\u52fa\u5b50\u6765\u5e72\u6d3b\uff08\u9a6c\u4e01\u00b7\u798f\u7279\uff0c2015\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u59cb\u7ec8\u5173\u6ce8\u7740\u6280\u672f\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u793e\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5145\u5176\u91cf\u53ea\u80fd\u8bf4\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bfe\u9898\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u7a0b\u5ea6\u65e5\u76ca\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u800c\u8fdc\u8fdc\u8c08\u4e0d\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u7834\u9898\u30022017\u5e74\uff0c\u6a21\u4eff\u9a6c\u4e01\u00b7\u8def\u5fb7\u5728500\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e00\u7bc7\u753160\u591a\u4f4d\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7b7e\u540d\u7684\u300a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6539\u976933\u6761\u8bba\u7eb2\u300b\u88ab\u9489\u5728\u4e86\u4f26\u6566\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u5927\u95e8\u4e0a\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u7b2c21\u6761\u627f\u8ba4\u521b\u65b0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e0d\u5747\u8861\u6027\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u63d0\u51fa\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff1a\u521b\u65b0\u5e76\u975e\u5916\u751f\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5185\u5728\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u591f\u628a\u521b\u65b0\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u6f14\u8fdb\u548c\u975e\u5747\u8861\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6240\u5851\u9020\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u56e0\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u95f4\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u800c\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\uff08GDP\uff09\u589e\u957f\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u529b\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u63d0\u5347\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u53ea\u6709\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5173\u5fc3\u6280\u672f\u53d8\u9769\u53ca\u5176\u540e\u679c\u3002\u65e9\u57281964\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u62ec\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u5188\u7eb3\u00b7\u7f2a\u5c14\u8fbe\u5c14\uff08Gunnar Myrdal\uff09\u5728\u5185\u7684\u3001\u5305\u62ec\u5404\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u4eba\u58eb\u768426\u4eba\u4e13\u95e8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u7ed9\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u5907\u5fd8\u5f55\uff0c\u62a5\u544a\u9898\u76ee\u4e3a\u300a\u4e09\u91cd\u9769\u547d\u300b\u3002\u8fd9\u4efd\u62a5\u544a\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u5206\u6790\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u6279\u5224\u6bd4\u524d\u8ff0\u300a\u8bba\u7eb2\u300b\u65e9\u4e86\u534a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u8bf8\u591a\u5224\u65ad\u548c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0a\u9887\u6709\u5148\u89c1\u4e4b\u660e\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8be5\u62a5\u544a\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4ee5\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u63a7\u5236\u9769\u547d\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u65b0\u65f6\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u573a\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u65e2\u5f80\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u6240\u65e0\u4ee5\u6bd4\u62df\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u548c\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u81ea\u63a7\u673a\u5668\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u6781\u9650\u7684\u4ea7\u80fd\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u65e5\u76ca\u51cf\u5c11\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff08Ad Hoc Committee\uff0c1964\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u62a5\u544a\u5f53\u65f6\u5c31\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u673a\u5668\u4ece\u4eba\u90a3\u91cc\u63a5\u7ba1\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u9700\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u4fdd\u969c\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u60f3\u5df2\u7ecf\u6f14\u53d8\u4e3a\u5982\u4eca\u5e7f\u4e3a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u57fa\u672c\u6536\u5165\u201d\uff08universal basic income\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u4e0e\u5404\u56fd\u666e\u904d\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u788e\u7247\u5316\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u5927\u62fc\u76d8\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5177\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u601d\u8def\u6b63\u5982\u5176\u540d\u79f0\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u201c\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u201d\u5373\u6db5\u76d6\u65e0\u8bba\u8d2b\u5bcc\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u3001\u201c\u57fa\u672c\u201d\u5373\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u6700\u4f4e\u751f\u6d3b\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u652f\u4ed8\u4e3a\u9650\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c\u6536\u5165\u201d\u5373\u76f4\u63a5\u7ed9\u4e88\u73b0\u91d1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u9669\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u9769\u547d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6700\u65b0\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf\u4e0b\u5e94\u5bf9\u6280\u672f\u6027\u5931\u4e1a\u3002\u6280\u672f\u6027\u5931\u4e1a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u4e45\u8fdc\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f7\u65e5\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u8bdd\u9898\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u5927\u6570\u636e\u3001\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7684\u4ea4\u878d\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u53d1\u5c55\u8fdb\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5d2d\u65b0\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u5c06\u4e0d\u4ec5\u66ff\u4ee3\u7b80\u5355\u91cd\u590d\u6027\u52b3\u52a8\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c06\u66ff\u4ee3\u5404\u79cd\u590d\u6742\u667a\u529b\u578b\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u98a0\u8986\u6027\u7684\u6280\u672f\u53d8\u9769\u9700\u8981\u9769\u547d\u6027\u5e94\u5bf9\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5c1a\u672a\u6210\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u548c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u57fa\u672c\u6536\u5165\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u5ff5\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f97\u5230\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7740\u624b\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u5ff5\u548c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u65e8\u5728\u7834\u89e3\u4f20\u7edf\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b21\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u6280\u672f\u6027\u5931\u4e1a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5e94\u5bf9\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u6d88\u9664\u8d2b\u56f0\u3001\u98a0\u8986\u5de5\u4f5c\u7406\u5ff5\u548c\u91cd\u5851\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5d2d\u65b0\u601d\u7ef4\u548c\u7ec8\u6781\u65b9\u6848\uff08Lowrey\uff0c2018\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u5982\u679c\u8ba4\u540c\u672a\u6765\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u7ec8\u7a76\u8981\u6467\u6bc1\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u5c97\u4f4d\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u73b0\u884c\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u9669\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5b9e\u884c\u5b8c\u5168\u79ef\u7d2f\u5236\u8fd8\u662f\u73b0\u6536\u73b0\u4ed8\u5236\uff0c\u90fd\u65e0\u529b\u5bf9\u6b64\u7ed3\u679c\u505a\u51fa\u6258\u5e95\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u57fa\u672c\u6536\u5165\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e94\u8be5\u6210\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u9009\u9879\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\u8db3\u591f\u7d27\u8feb\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u7b54\u6848\u4e5f\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u4ece\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e0e\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u8fd8\u662f\u8981\u9760\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e0d\u65ad\u638c\u63e1\u65b0\u6280\u80fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u63d0\u9ad8\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u975e\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bcf\u65e5\u9700\u8981\u6323\u624e\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u4e0e\u65f6\u4ff1\u8fdb\u6539\u5584\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u672c\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e00\u65e6\u4e22\u6389\u4e86\u5de5\u4f5c\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u672c\u8d56\u4ee5\u8f6c\u5c97\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4fbf\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u989d\u5916\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6536\u5165\uff0c\u5c31\u4e3a\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7559\u51fa\u4f59\u5730\u505a\u672a\u96e8\u7ef8\u7f2a\u7684\u51c6\u5907\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e09\u3001\u6d93\u6d41\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6279\u5224<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u8206\u8bba\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7b49\u65b0\u5174\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u593a\u8d70\u4e86\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c97\u4f4d\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u53cd\u6620\u5219\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u7acb\u8bba\uff0c\u65b0\u5174\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u4ee5\u5ec9\u4ef7\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u8981\u7d20\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8d38\u6613\u548c\u4ea7\u4e1a\u8f6c\u79fb\u5bfc\u81f4\u7f8e\u56fd\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c97\u4f4d\u6d41\u5931\u5230\u6d77\u5916\u3002\u5728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Reagan\uff09\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u91cc\u6839\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u57fa\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u514b\u9c81\u683c\u66fc\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u548c\u5171\u548c\u515a\u4ea4\u66ff\u6267\u653f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u5f85\u6536\u5165\u5206\u914d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u653f\u7b56\u503e\u5411\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff0c\u91c7\u53d6\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u6536\u5165\u5206\u914d\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u65e0\u5173\u7d27\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6536\u5165\u5206\u914d\u7ed3\u679c\u5f71\u54cd\u5341\u5206\u663e\u8457\uff08\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u514b\u9c81\u683c\u66fc\uff0c2008\uff09\u3002\u514b\u9c81\u683c\u66fc\u7684\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u770b\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u6536\u5165\u5206\u914d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u53c8\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u653f\u6cbb\u98ce\u5411\u4ece\u800c\u653f\u7b56\u503e\u5411\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5c97\u4f4d\u6d41\u5931\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5145\u5206\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u6d93\u6d41\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5\u3001\u4ece\u539f\u56e0\u5230\u7ed3\u679c\u3001\u524d\u671f\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u540e\u679c\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u5f71\u54cd\u968f\u540e\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\uff0c\u53ca\u81f3\u9020\u6210\u653f\u6cbb\u5206\u91ce\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u88c2\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u6cd5\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u76ae\u51ef\u8482\uff08Thomas Piketty\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u7684\u524d\u8f88\u5b89\u4e1c\u5c3c\u00b7\u963f\u7279\u91d1\u68ee\uff08Anthony Atkinson\uff09\u5173\u4e8e\u6536\u5165\u5206\u914d\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6770\u51fa\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u90fd\u6beb\u4e0d\u542b\u7cca\u5730\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u89e3\u51b3\u6536\u5165\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u51fa\u8def\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6536\u5165\u8fdb\u884c\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u518d\u5206\u914d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u76ae\u51ef\u8482\u6536\u96c6\u5e76\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5404\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u8d44\u672c\u62a5\u916c\u589e\u957f\u901f\u5ea6\u5927\u5927\u5feb\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u7387\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u8d22\u5bcc\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u96c6\u4e2d\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d8b\u52bf\u5206\u522b\u662f\u957f\u671f\u65f6\u5e8f\u6570\u636e\u6240\u63ed\u793a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8f68\u8ff9\u4ee5\u53ca\u8de8\u56fd\u6570\u636e\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5e02\u573a\u673a\u5236\u8fd8\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u8de8\u5ea6\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u529b\u91cf\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u904f\u6b62\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5e72\u9884\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u7b56\u5c31\u65e0\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u56db\u3001\u6e17\u900f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u8c2c\u8bef<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u5f88\u4e45\u4ee5\u6765\u4eba\u4eec\u5c31\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u6280\u672f\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u521b\u610f\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u5916\u90e8\u6027\u3002\u66f4\u4e3a\u665a\u8fd1\u5219\u51fa\u73b0\u5e76\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u65b0\u589e\u957f\u7406\u8bba\u5219\u66f4\u91cd\u89c6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u66f4\u8d34\u8fd1\u5730\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u6ea2\u51fa\u6548\u5e94\uff08spillover effect\uff09\u6216\u975e\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\uff08nonrivalry\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u672c\u8eab\u9690\u542b\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u63a8\u8bba\uff0c\u5373\u6280\u672f\u53d8\u9769\u53ef\u4ee5\u65e0\u8fdc\u5f17\u5c4a\u3001\u65e0\u5fae\u4e0d\u81f3\u5730\u5f97\u5230\u6e17\u900f\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u800c\u975e\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\uff08Langlois &amp; Robertson\uff0c2018\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6d93\u6d41\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u53ca\u5176\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u6211\u60f3\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u5c42\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u5373\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u4e60\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5e38\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6280\u672f\u53d8\u9769\u4f1a\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7136\u5730\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5185\u90e8\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u65ad\u6e17\u900f\u5e76\u8fbe\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u90e8\u95e8\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5728\u6574\u4f53\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5b8c\u6210\u9884\u671f\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6027\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u6d93\u6d41\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e86\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u6210\u679c\u7684\u5206\u4eab\u6027\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7279\u6307\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u63e3\u5192\u6627\u5730\u521b\u9020\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u6e17\u900f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u65af\u8482\u82ac\u00b7\u79d1\u6069\uff08Stephen Cohen\uff09\u548c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5409\u65af\u66fc\uff08John Zysman\uff09\u5408\u8457\u7684\u300a\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u4f9d\u7136\u91cd\u8981\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u6280\u672f\u6e17\u900f\u5047\u8bbe\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u9610\u8ff0\u6280\u672f\u53d8\u9769\u6e17\u900f\u8fdb\u800c\u5f15\u8d77\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6574\u4f53\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u90e8\u95e8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5173\u8054\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u53d8\u5316\u5373\u4f7f\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u90e8\u95e8\u6216\u5c11\u91cf\u51e0\u4e2a\u90e8\u95e8\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8513\u5ef6\u81f3\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u6c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u575a\u4fe1\u8fd9\u79cd\u90e8\u95e8\u5173\u8054\u5341\u5206\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u3001\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u4e0e\u670d\u52a1\u4e1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8fd9\u4e24\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u5185\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e5f\u53d1\u73b0\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0e\u8fd9\u79cd\u5047\u8bbe\u76f8\u62b5\u727e\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u6700\u5178\u578b\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u6096\u8bba\u201d\u3002\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u7d22\u6d1b\uff08Robert Solow\uff09\u5728\u9488\u5bf9\u524d\u8ff0\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u4e2d\u8c03\u4f83\u9053\uff1a\u4f5c\u8005\u50cf\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6280\u672f\u9769\u547d\u6ca1\u6709\u5bfc\u81f4\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u4f7f\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u589e\u901f\u51cf\u6162\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u611f\u5230\u5c34\u5c2c\u548c\u56f0\u60d1\u3002\u8fdb\u800c\uff0c\u7d22\u6d1b\u6559\u6388\u7528\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u63ed\u793a\u51fa\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u6096\u8bba\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728\uff0c\u5728\u7edf\u8ba1\u4e2d\u5374\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\uff08Solow\uff0c1987\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u5728\u4ee5\u591a\u6837\u6027\u8457\u79f0\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u4ea4\u6613\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e3b\u4f53\u5177\u6709\u663e\u8457\u7684\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u548c\u5bf9\u7b49\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u7406\u8bba\u903b\u8f91\u8fd8\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u90fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u79d1\u6069\u7b49\u628a\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5173\u8054\u6027\u6269\u5c55\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6280\u672f\u53d8\u5316\u5177\u6709\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6e17\u900f\u6027\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u8d85\u7ea7\u8fde\u63a5\u201d\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u5316\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u4ece\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u56e0\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5178\u578b\u7684\u6280\u672f\u5de5\u5177\u8bba\u7684\u8272\u5f69\uff1b\u4ece\u5176\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u542b\u4e49\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e4c\u6258\u90a6\u5f0f\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5e7b\u60f3\uff1b\u800c\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u89d2\u5ea6\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7f51\u7edc\u8fd0\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u5c3c\u5c14\u00b7\u5f17\u683c\u68ee\uff08Niall 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