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\u3000\u3000\u4e00\u3001\u8bae\u9898\u672c\u571f\u5316<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u8bae\u9898\u672c\u571f\u5316\u5373\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e4b\u65f6\u7a7a\u8303\u7574\u7684\u672c\u571f\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4ece\u4e8b\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u5177\u4f53\u793e\u4f1a\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4e00\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u592a\u5927\u610f\u4e49(\u8c22\u5b87\uff0c2012\uff1bXie\uff0c2011)\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5e94\u8be5\u4f18\u5148\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u76f2\u76ee\u5730\u79fb\u690d\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u8bae\u9898\u81ea\u6709\u5176\u6839\u6e90\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u7f8e\u56fd\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u4e4b\u540e\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5982\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u3001\u8d2b\u56f0\u3001\u72af\u7f6a\u3001\u56fd\u5185\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u79fb\u6c11\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u53ca\u52b3\u5de5\u95ee\u9898\u7b49\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5168\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5e94\u8fd0\u800c\u751f\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5148\u9a71\uff0c\u5982\u8428\u59c6\u7eb3(William Graham Sumner)\u3001\u534e\u5fb7(Lester F.Ward)\u3001\u5409\u4e01\u65af(Franklin Henry Giddings)\u3001\u7f57\u65af(Edward A.Ross)\u3001\u5e93\u5229(Charles Horton Cooley)\u3001\u65af\u83ab\u5c14(Albion Small)\u7b49\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u90fd\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u6539\u5584\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e0b\u5c42\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u5904\u5883\u4e3a\u5df1\u4efb\u3002\u800c\u4eca\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5982\u79cd\u65cf\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u8d2b\u56f0\u3001\u72af\u7f6a\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u79fb\u6c11\u548c\u5065\u5eb7\u7b49\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u516c\u4f17\u8206\u8bba\u548c\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u8bae\u9898\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b9e\u7528\u53d6\u5411\u7684\u3001\u653f\u7b56\u4e0e\u516c\u5171\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u8d77\u6e90(Wu\uff0c2009)\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u3001\u8ba8\u8bba\u548c\u89e3\u51b3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61\u548c\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u548c\u5b58\u5728\u5c31\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5176\u5e94\u6709\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u5b66\u8005\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u8bae\u9898\u672c\u571f\u5316\u4e0a\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u5e76\u4e0d\u6210\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u51e0\u4e4e\u90fd\u53ea\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u5b66\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u6709\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5f3a\u8c03\u8981\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u91cd\u5927\u800c\u8feb\u5207\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4e0d\u5c11\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u66fe\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5fc5\u987b\u56de\u7b54\u3001\u8ba8\u8bba\u6216\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u771f\u95ee\u9898(\u674e\u57f9\u6797\uff0c2016\uff1b\u9646\u5b66\u827a\uff0c2013)\uff0c\u8fd9\u65e0\u5f62\u4e2d\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u96c6\u4e2d\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u793e\u533a\u5efa\u8bbe\u3001\u4eba\u53e3\u6d41\u52a8\u7b49\u73b0\u8c61(Wu\uff0c2009)\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8f6c\u578b\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u6b63\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7b49\u5b8f\u89c2\u7406\u8bba\u95ee\u9898(\u674e\u57f9\u6797\uff0c2016)\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u5174\u8da3\u4e0a\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bae\u9898\u4e00\u76f4\u9ad8\u5c45\u56fd\u5185\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u8868\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u524d\u5217(\u5c09\u5efa\u6587\u7b49\uff0c2016\uff1b\u8096\u5b8f\u7b49\uff0c2017)\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u3000\u3000\u4e8c\u3001\u5e94\u7528\u672c\u571f\u5316<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u3000\u3000\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u57fa\u7840\u4ece\u897f\u65b9\u8236\u6765\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u6548\u4eff\u897f\u65b9\u672c\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5c06\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u7b56\u7565\u6070\u5207\u5730\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u60c5\u5883\u5e76\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4f7f\u5f88\u591a\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u90fd\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0a\u7684\u5c40\u9650\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u7b80\u5355\u673a\u68b0\u7684\u6548\u4eff\u8005\u6240\u505a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5176\u6c34\u5e73\u66f4\u662f\u53ef\u60f3\u800c\u77e5\u3002\u5b9e\u73b0\u672c\u571f\u5951\u5408\u6027\u7684\u96be\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u95f4\u4e0e\u7ec4\u5185\u5dee\u5f02\u5f20\u529b\u7684\u628a\u63e1\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e0d\u80fd\u592a\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8c03\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u786e\u5b58\u5728\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u5c31\u4e0e\u6211\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4e09\u539f\u7406\u4e2d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u60c5\u5883\u539f\u7406\u6709\u5173(\u8c22\u5b87\uff0c2012)\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u60c5\u5883\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e24\u56fd\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u7279\u5f81\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u5728\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u901a\u7ea6\u201d\u7684(incommensurable)\u3002\u6211\u66fe\u7ecf\u603b\u7ed3\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u7406\u89e3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5c24\u4e3a\u5173\u952e\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u6781\u5f3a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\uff0c\u5176\u4e8c\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u7ed3\u76df\u548c\u5229\u76ca\u5206\u4eab\uff0c\u5176\u4e09\u662f\u5728\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u8840\u7f18\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u5e76\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u6784\u548c\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u5f0f\u5bb6\u957f\u7edf\u6cbb(layered paternalism)\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5c06\u4eba\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u754c\u9650(\u5982\u5730\u533a\u3001\u57ce\u4e61\u3001\u5355\u4f4d\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7f51\u7edc)\u6784\u6210\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u6027\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u800c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\u6027\u7684(\u8c22\u5b87\uff0c2010\uff1bXie & Zhou\uff0c2014)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4e0d\u8ba4\u540c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5fc5\u7136\u8d70\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f0f\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u7406\u8bba(\u5982Nee\uff0c1989)\u3002\u2461\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u73b0\u5728\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u91cd\u6f14\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u73b0\u5728\u4e5f\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5c06\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u793e\u4f1a\u60c5\u5883\u539f\u7406\u8fd8\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5e94\u66f4\u4e3a\u8c28\u614e\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4e0d\u53ef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5355\u51ed\u6570\u636e\u5c31\u80fd\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6df1\u5165\u4e86\u89e3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u5728\u6570\u636e\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6570\u636e\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e2d\u897f\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u4e4b\u5dee\u522b\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u8fdb\u548c\u521b\u65b0\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u5de5\u5177\u6765\u514b\u670d\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u91c7\u96c6\u6570\u636e\u548c\u6d4b\u91cf\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9700\u8981\u5728\u89e3\u8bfb\u6570\u636e\u65f6\u6316\u6398\u6bcf\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61\u80cc\u540e\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u5374\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u6587\u5316\u5185\u6db5\u3002\u5047\u5982\u5ffd\u7565\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u5f88\u96be\u771f\u6b63\u7406\u89e3\u6570\u636e\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u5c06\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u6216\u7b56\u7565\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5951\u5408\u6027\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6216\u5386\u53f2\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u4e0e\u5f53\u4e0b\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e0e\u8ffd\u6c42\u672c\u571f\u5316\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u8005\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u2014\u2014\u79c9\u6301\u5ba1\u614e\u3001\u8d1f\u8d23\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u5e94\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u6253\u7740\u672c\u571f\u5316\u5927\u65d7\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u672a\u5fc5\u80fd\u8bde\u751f\u6709\u539f\u521b\u529b\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u539f\u521b\u529b\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5219\u5fc5\u987b\u5145\u5206\u3001\u7ec6\u81f4\u5730\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u60c5\u5883\u878d\u5165\u5176\u4e2d\u3002\u7c97\u66b4\u5730\u5957\u7528\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u800c\u65e0\u89c6\u4e2d\u56fd\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u9879\u65e0\u89c6\u5177\u4f53\u793e\u4f1a\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u597d\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u7c97\u7cd9\u3001\u52a3\u8d28\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u786e\u4e0d\u5c11\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u53cd\u6620\u5b66\u8005\u5b66\u672f\u6c34\u51c6\u7684\u9ad8\u4f4e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5e94\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u5c06\u4e4b\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6216\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u201c\u5165\u4fb5\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u4e09\u3001\u8303\u5f0f\u672c\u571f\u5316<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u8303\u5f0f\u672c\u571f\u5316\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u6700\u6fc0\u8fdb\u3001\u6700\u5177\u611f\u53ec\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u6700\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u672c\u571f\u5316\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u683c\u5916\u503c\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u5ba1\u89c6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u8303\u5f0f\u672c\u571f\u5316\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u660e\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u8f68\u8ff9\u4e0a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u4ee5\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u3001\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u4e3a\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u534e\u590f\u6587\u660e\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u5112\u91ca\u9053\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5ef6\u7eed\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u4e1c\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u3001\u5168\u7403\u5316\u548c\u79d1\u6280\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u8d8b\u540c\u529b\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u4ecd\u7136\u5728\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u5c24\u4e3a\u7a81\u51fa\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u81ea\u79e6\u671d\u4ee5\u6765\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u5c42\u53ca\u5176\u4e16\u88ad\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u7684\u662f\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u5b98\u50da\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u76f8\u8f83\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u5728\u8fdb\u5165\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u540e\u4ecd\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u53d6\u4ee3\u8d35\u65cf\u7edf\u6cbb\u540e\u624d\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ec8\u7ed3\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u4e0d\u50cf\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e4b\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u6216\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u4e4b\u4e8e\u4e2d\u4e1c\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ece\u672a\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u653f\u6559\u5408\u4e00\u7684\u4e00\u795e\u8bba\u5b97\u6559\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7687\u6743\u4e0d\u4e0b\u4e61\uff0c\u6c11\u95f4\u7684\u4e61\u571f\u793e\u4f1a\u4f9d\u9760\u7684\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u4f26\u7406\u3001\u4f5b\u6559\u3001\u9053\u5bb6\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6c11\u95f4\u4fe1\u4ef0\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4f53\u7cfb\u6765\u7ef4\u6301\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e5f\u4ece\u4e0d\u4e0e\u884c\u653f\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u5bb6\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u8303\u5f0f\u672c\u571f\u5316\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u8fd8\u4f1a\u63d0\u53ca\u4e2d\u897f\u65b9\u8ba4\u77e5\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u5dee\u522b\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8fd1\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f\u4ee5\u611f\u5b98\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5f52\u7eb3\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u6a21\u5f0f\u5219\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u76f4\u89c9\u4f53\u9a8c\u3001\u51a5\u60f3\u6f14\u7ece\u65b9\u5f0f\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684(\u53f6\u542f\u653f\uff0c2006)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u3001\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u8ba4\u77e5\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u6027\u662f\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u72ec\u7279\u6027\u80fd\u5426\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7406\u7531\u6765\u53cd\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u4ee5\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u7406\u548c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u89c4\u8303\u5219\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u201cdiscipline\u201d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u6307\u67d0\u4e00\u5b66\u79d1\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u7eaa\u5f8b\u6027\u548c\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u6db5\u4e49\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6db5\u4e49\u76f8\u8f85\u76f8\u6210\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u505a\u5b66\u672f\u4e0d\u53ef\u5929\u9a6c\u884c\u7a7a\u3001\u4e3a\u6240\u6b32\u4e3a\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u5728\u4f55\u5904?\u81f3\u5c11\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u7406\u548c\u6709\u636e\u4e3a\u8bc1\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u79d1\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u90fd\u5e94\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u5e93\u6069(Thomas Kuhn)\u6240\u6307\u7684\u8303\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u3001\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u6709\u5173\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u597d\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u8bc1\u636e\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4ecd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u591f\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u6210\u4e3a\u4ee5\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8303\u5f0f\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5b66\u95ee\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6709\u591a\u4e48\u4e0e\u4f17\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u4ecd\u7136\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3002\u5982\u82e5\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u95e8\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5b66\u95ee\uff0c\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u8303\u5f0f\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u90a3\u5b83\u5c06\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5b66\u79d1\u8981\u4e0e\u7eaa\u5f8b\u6027\u76f8\u8f85\u76f8\u6210?\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u7eaa\u5f8b\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u79ef\u7d2f\u4f1a\u96be\u4ee5\u4e3a\u7ee7\u3002\u4e00\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u6d69\u5982\u70df\u6d77\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u5fae\u5c0f\u7684\u3001\u589e\u91cf\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u7410\u788e\u3001\u8d8b\u8fd1\u5f0f\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u80fd\u8ba9\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0d\u65ad\u4e30\u5bcc\u3002\u5b66\u79d1\u9700\u8981\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u597d\u7684\u3001\u786e\u51ff\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u679c\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6709\u6240\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d21\u732e\u5f88\u5c0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u79ef\u7d2f\u3002\u77e5\u8bc6\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u548c\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\u53ef\u7531\u5305\u62ec\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u5728\u5185\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u8bc4\u8bf4\uff1b\u800c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5bf9\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3001\u5176\u539f\u521b\u6027\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u4ef7\u503c\u5219\u7531\u4e13\u4e1a\u540c\u884c\u8861\u91cf\u3002\u5982\u82e5\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u53d1\u73b0\u5c31\u96be\u4ee5\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u79ef\u7d2f\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b66\u672f\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5c31\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u540c\u884c\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u4e86\u5b66\u79d1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u8ffd\u6c42\u5b66\u672f\u539f\u521b\u6027\u548c\u751f\u547d\u529b\u672a\u5fc5\u8981\u6c42\u5168\u76d8\u4e2d\u5316\u6216\u5904\u5904\u51f8\u663e\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u4e4b\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e5f\u672a\u5fc5\u8981\u6452\u5f03\u5b9e\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u91cf\u5316\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8ba4\u5b9a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6216\u5fc5\u7136\u5bfc\u81f4\u80a4\u6d45\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u97e6\u4f2f(Max Weber)\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u7528\u8fc7\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u672a\u66fe\u5230\u8fc7\u4e2d\u56fd\u505a\u8fc7\u7530\u91ce\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u4e2d\u6587\u9605\u8bfb\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u53e4\u7c4d\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5112\u6559\u548c\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u5b98\u50da\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u548c\u7ecf\u5178\u4e4b\u4f5c(Zhao\uff0c2015)\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u97e6\u4f2f\u80fd\u591f\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9?\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5b66\u754c\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u7406\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u8bc1\u636e\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5b66\u8005\u82e5\u4f7f\u7528\u88ab\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5b66\u754c\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u5c31\u7814\u7a76\u4ed6\u56fd\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u4e4b\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u8d39\u5b5d\u901a\u5148\u751f\u2014\u2014\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u672c\u571f\u5316\u5021\u5bfc\u8005\u5747\u63a8\u5d07\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u5178\u8303\u3002\u5468\u98de\u821f\u66fe\u64b0\u6587\u5bf9\u8d39\u5b5d\u901a\u5148\u751f\u665a\u5e74\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u601d\u60f3\u8f6c\u5411\u505a\u4e86\u8be6\u5c3d\u7684\u68b3\u7406(\u5468\u98de\u821f\uff0c2017)\u3002\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8d39\u5b5d\u901a\u7684\u201c\u63a8\u5df1\u53ca\u4eba\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5c06\u5fc3\u6bd4\u5fc3\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u6587\u5316\u81ea\u89c9\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u4e0e\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0e\u97e6\u4f2f\u7684\u9610\u91ca\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66(Interpretive Sociology)\u3001\u963f\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u8212\u8328(Alfred Schutz)\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66(Phenomenology)\u3001\u54c8\u7f57\u5fb7\u00b7\u52a0\u82ac\u514b\u5c14(Harold Garfinkel)\u7684\u5e38\u4eba\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b66(Ethnomethodology)\u4ecd\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u9057\u61be\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u8d39\u5b5d\u901a\u5f53\u5e74\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u53ca\u5176\u6f14\u53d8\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u603b\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u5f88\u4f69\u670d\u8d39\u5b5d\u901a\u5148\u751f\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u4e0a\u7684\u9886\u609f\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u4ed6\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u6240\u521b\u9020\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ece\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5047\u4f7f\u8d39\u5b5d\u901a\u5f53\u65f6\u80fd\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u66f4\u665a\u8fd1\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u5bf9\u8bdd\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u52a0\u5165\u8fd9\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u5bf9\u8bdd\u548c\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u5bf9\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5c06\u4f1a\u6709\u66f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u4f53\u609f\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e43\u81f3\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u505a\u51fa\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8ba4\u540c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4ecd\u662f\u4ee5\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e3a\u5b66\u79d1\u8303\u5f0f\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u5c31\u8981\u57fa\u4e8e\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u3001\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u611f\u540c\u8eab\u53d7\uff0c\u4fbf\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u6bd4\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u66f4\u4e86\u89e3\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u6216\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8bc1\u636e\u7684\u652f\u6301\u548c\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5177\u4f53\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u6539\u8fdb\uff0c\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u8bc1\u636e\u5e94\u662f\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6807\u51c6\u662f\u666e\u9002\u7684\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6587\u5316\u4e4b\u5206\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u9002\u7528\u60c5\u5883\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u6210\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u6027\u3002\u5982\u679c\u903b\u8f91\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u6362\u4e00\u4e2a\u573a\u5408\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u4e5f\u5e94\u540c\u6837\u9002\u7528\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8bb2\u8bc1\u636e\u3001\u8bb2\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u89c4\u8303\u540c\u6837\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u5b9a\u91cf\u53d6\u5411\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u5e38\u6210\u4e3a\u8303\u5f0f\u672c\u571f\u5316\u63d0\u5021\u8005\u653b\u51fb\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e9b\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u65e2\u7136\u5df2\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6d41\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c31\u5fc5\u5b9a\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u9002\u7684\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u53cd\u5b9e\u8bc1\u503e\u5411\u5b58\u5728\u5df2\u4e45\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4e2d\u4e3b\u5f20\u672c\u571f\u5316\u8005\u4e4b\u9996\u521b\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u66fe\u7ecf\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u53cd\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u8513\u5ef6\u5f88\u5e7f\uff0c\u4ece\u5bf9\u6570\u5b57\u8d44\u6599\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u5bf9\u5f53\u4ee3\u5b9a\u91cf\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u77e5\u3002\u201d(\u8c22\u5b87\uff0c2012\uff1a5)\u5728\u4e86\u89e3\u751a\u5c11\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u6279\u5224\u662f\u6d45\u8584\u4e14\u6709\u8bef\u5bfc\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5584\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u53cd\u5bf9\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u80fd\u89e3\u51b3\u6240\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u5b9a\u91cf\u4e0e\u5b9a\u6027\u53ea\u6709\u98ce\u683c\u4e0a\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u800c\u9009\u62e9\u54ea\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u6216\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e5f\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u8d44\u6599(King et al.\uff0c1994)\u3002\u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\u603b\u4f53\u5206\u5e03\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u7ed3\u679c(effects of causes)\u65f6\uff0c\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u80fd\u591f\u505a\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\uff1b\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u5bf9\u73b0\u8c61\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u89e3\u91ca(\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5373causes of effects)\u53ca\u7406\u89e3\u673a\u5236\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u65f6\uff0c\u5b9a\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u9488\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u6216\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u6ca1\u6709\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u5b9a\u91cf\u64cd\u4f5c\u5316\u65b9\u6848\u548c\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u5b9a\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u65f6\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u5b9a\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u8bb8\u80fd\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u4e86\u89e3\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff1b\u800c\u5f53\u6709\u8f83\u6210\u719f\u7684\u5b9a\u91cf\u64cd\u4f5c\u5316\u65b9\u6848\u65f6\uff0c\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u80fd\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u68c0\u9a8c\u7406\u8bba\u5047\u8bbe\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8303\u5f0f\u672c\u571f\u5316\u7acb\u573a\u4e5f\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u53cd\u6297\u5b66\u672f\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u533a\u5411\u8fb9\u9672\u5730\u533a\u704c\u8f93\u5176\u5b66\u672f\u4f53\u7cfb(\u53f6\u542f\u653f\uff0c2006)\u3002\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u6279\u8bc4\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u6307\u6807\u5316\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7531\u8d44\u672c\u548c\u6743\u529b\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u5236\u5b66\u672f\u8d44\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u662f\u6548\u4eff\u7f8e\u56fd\u56e2\u961f\u5f0f\u3001\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u4ea7\u7269(\u6e20\u656c\u4e1c\uff0c2014)\u3002\u4e0d\u53ef\u5426\u8ba4\uff0c\u5728\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u201c\u5927\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5b66\u8005\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u56e2\u961f\u7684\u4e00\u5458\u800c\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u6d41\u5411\u548c\u79d1\u7814\u4ea7\u51fa\u4e5f\u66f4\u6613\u5411\u5927\u56e2\u961f\u503e\u659c\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5904\u5883\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b66\u8005\u5728\u4f5c\u4e3a\u72ec\u4e00\u65e0\u4e8c\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u548c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8d21\u732e\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u201c\u6570\u5b57\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f98\u5f8a\uff0c\u5728\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u51fa\u7c7b\u62d4\u8403\u4e0e\u670d\u4ece\u56e2\u961f\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u95f4\u6323\u624e(\u8c22\u5b87\u3001\u9f50\u6c83\u5fb7\uff0c2017)\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4f46\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u8bc4\u4ef7\u6807\u51c6\u4e2d\u5bf9\u6838\u5fc3\u671f\u520a\u3001\u53d1\u8868\u91cf\u6216\u5f15\u7528\u6570\u7684\u8fc7\u5206\u501a\u91cd\u5e76\u975e\u6548\u4eff\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fbf\u5229\u79d1\u7814\u7ba1\u7406\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u91cf\u5316\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u76f8\u5173\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u6267\u884c\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u8bc4\u4ef7\u662f\u7531\u6c34\u5e73\u76f8\u8fd1\u6216\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u8bae\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u91cf\u5316\u7684\u6307\u6807\u5176\u5b9e\u4e0d\u66fe\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u8bc4\u4ef7(\u65bd\u4e00\u516c\uff0c2017)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u56db\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5e94\u5411\u4f55\u5904\u53bb?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u4e2d\u56fd\u518d\u72ec\u7279\uff0c\u4ecd\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5458\uff1b\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ecd\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u5728\u8bb2\u6388\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u65f6\u66fe\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u76f2\u76ee\u8ffd\u6c42\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u3001\u653e\u4e4b\u56db\u6d77\u7686\u51c6\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u65e0\u52a9\u4e8e\u4fc3\u8fdb\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u589e\u957f\u6216\u52a0\u6df1\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u5f92\u52b3\u7684\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4f1a\u8bef\u5165\u6b67\u9014(\u8c22\u5b87\uff0c2012)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u51e1\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4efb\u4f55\u503c\u5f97\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u624e\u6839\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u5b9e\u548c\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8981\u6c42\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u8bae\u9898\u672c\u571f\u5316\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u672c\u571f\u5316\u662f\u4e2a\u4f2a\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u547c\u58f0\u4e0e\u8ffd\u6c42\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u957f\u8fdc\u76ee\u6807\u5e76\u4e0d\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5462?\u7406\u89e3\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5df2\u65e0\u9700\u8d58\u8ff0\uff0c\u547c\u5401\u672c\u571f\u5316\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u6b64\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bba\u8ff0\u5f97\u76f8\u5f53\u5145\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6b64\u7b14\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u5219\u662f\u4e0e\u7406\u89e3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e76\u91cd\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u653e\u773c\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4ece\u8de8\u56fd\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u89c6\u91ce\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u82e5\u65e0\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u4f55\u77e5\u6653\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u54ea\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u3001\u4ee5\u54ea\u4e9b\u5f62\u5f0f\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u793e\u4f1a?\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u6709\u7740\u8bb8\u591a\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u5176\u5dee\u5f02\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u65f6\u5019\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u800c\u975e\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0a\u3002\u4ece\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u63d0\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u793e\u4f1a\u60c5\u5883\u53d8\u5f02\u6027\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0d\u5355\u53ea\u662f\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u624d\u4f1a\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5168\u7403\u6027\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u72b6\u51b5\u52a0\u91cd\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u51e0\u4e4e\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u4e5f\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u52a0\u5267\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f83\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u66f4\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u770b\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u6765\u6e90(Xie & Zhou\uff0c2014)\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5730\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42\u56fa\u5316\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u5176\u7f6e\u4e8e\u591a\u56fd\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5782\u76f4\u793e\u4f1a\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\u8f83\u8fc7\u53bb\u6709\u6240\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4ee3\u9645\u6d41\u52a8\u6c34\u5e73\u548c\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u4ecd\u9ad8\u4e8e\u5f53\u4eca\u8bb8\u591a\u897f\u65b9\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6(Zhou & Xie\uff0c2017)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5462?\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5f53\u52a1\u4e4b\u6025\u662f\u57f9\u517b\u672a\u6765\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u505a\u51fa\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u53d6\u5f97\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b66\u8005\u76f8\u6bd4\u80a9\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u5c31\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5e76\u975e\u9065\u4e0d\u53ef\u53ca\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u9886\u57df\u6240\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d70\u5728\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u524d\u6cbf\u3002\u5355\u4ece\u53d1\u8868\u91cf\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u79d1\u6280\u4ea7\u51fa\u4ec5\u6b21\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u4e2a\u522b\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8d28\u91cf\u4e5f\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u63d0\u9ad8(Xie et al.\uff0c2014)\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5b66\u8005\u4e5f\u62e5\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5951\u673a\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6025\u5267\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u8fc1\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u5168\u7403\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u73b0\u8c61(Xie\uff0c2011)\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u9ad8\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\uff0c\u5728\u601d\u7ef4\u4e0a\u6709\u6240\u521b\u65b0\u5e76\u5ba2\u89c2\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5fc5\u5b9a\u52bf\u4e0d\u53ef\u6321\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u8fd8\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u9650\u5236\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u90a3\u53ea\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u90e8\u5206\u5b66\u8005\u81ea\u8eab\u5b66\u672f\u4e0a\u7684\u76ee\u5149\u77ed\u6d45\u4e0e\u753b\u5730\u4e3a\u7262\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4e16\u754c\u6027\u7684\u671f\u520a\u548c\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u9010\u6b65\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u671f\u520a\u548c\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u4e5f\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u63a8\u5411\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u6570\u91cf\u4e0a\u7684\u589e\u957f\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ece\u5b66\u79d1\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u8c28\u8bb0\uff1a\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u754c\uff0c\u8d28\u91cf\u6700\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8d28\u91cf\u6c38\u8fdc\u91cd\u4e8e\u53d1\u8868\u6570\u91cf\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u8010\u5fc3\u53bb\u671f\u5f85\u771f\u6b63\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u8bde\u751f\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9002\u5f53\u9f13\u52b1\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u6027\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u80fd\u591f\u80af\u5b9a\u6216\u8d28\u7591\u524d\u4eba\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u8b66\u60d5\u90a3\u4e9b\u8c8c\u4f3c\u8fbe\u5230\u56fd\u9645\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u524d\u6cbf\u7684\u91cf\u5316\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u5185\u5bb9\u80a4\u6d45\u3001\u5177\u6709\u8bef\u5bfc\u6027\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u7ed3\u8bba\u5b8c\u5168\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5df2\u53d1\u8868\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u65e0\u6cd5\u633d\u56de\uff0c\u4f46\u6240\u5e78\u91cf\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u6027\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u53bb\u53d1\u73b0\u65e2\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u66f4\u6b63\u7ed3\u8bba(\u9648\u4e91\u677e\u3001\u5434\u6653\u521a\uff0c2012)\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5bf9\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e09\u6761\u5efa\u8bae\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8981\u63d0\u9ad8\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4e0a\u7684\u4e25\u8c28\u6027\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u91cd\u89c6\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u73af\u8282\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4e0a\u7ad9\u5f97\u4f4f\u811a\u8981\u8fdc\u80dc\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u548c\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5947\u5de7\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4e0e\u5b66\u672f\u540c\u884c\u5206\u4eab\u4f60\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7b49\u7814\u7a76\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u5728\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0a\u9f13\u52b1\u6570\u636e\u516c\u5f00\u4e0e\u5171\u4eab\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u624d\u80fd\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u6316\u6398\u548c\u4e0d\u6d6a\u8d39\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u6821\u9a8c\u5b66\u672f\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u8981\u53c2\u4e0e\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u793e\u533a\u4e2d\u53bb\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u53ea\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u793e\u533a\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u4eba\u4e3a\u5730\u5212\u5b9a\u5b66\u672f\u793e\u533a\u7684\u4e2d\u897f\u9635\u8425\uff0c\u8981\u63a8\u8fdb\u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u8bae\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5f7c\u6b64\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u63d0\u5347\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u4e94\u3001\u7ed3\u8bed<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u4e3b\u5f20\u672c\u571f\u5316\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u62c5\u5fe7\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5b9e\u8bc1\u8303\u5f0f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\uff0c\u4f1a\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u50cf\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e27\u5931\u5b66\u672f\u72ec\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u98ce\u683c\u548c\u539f\u521b\u529b\u3002\u957f\u4e45\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8bef\u89e3\u5728\u4e8e\u4ecd\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5b9e\u8bc1\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5927\u591a\u6570\u53d7\u8fc7\u826f\u597d\u8bad\u7ec3\u3001\u771f\u6b63\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u65e9\u5c31\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5c40\u9650\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u6765\u5c31\u4e0d\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u8ffd\u6c42\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u957f\u671f\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u6539\u8fdb\u548c\u5b8c\u5584\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5982\u5b9e\u8bc1\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5927\u5e08\u5965\u8482\u65af\u00b7\u8fbe\u5fb7\u5229\u00b7\u9093\u80af(Otis Dudley Duncan)\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4e0d\u50cf\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u552f\u72ec\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u624d\u50cf\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u201d(Xie\uff0c2007)\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u672c\u571f\u5316\u5021\u5bfc\u8005\u62c5\u5fc3\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4f1a\u8ff7\u5931\u5728\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u76f2\u76ee\u6a21\u4eff\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u4e0d\u66fe\u8003\u8651\u5230\uff1a\u5f53\u5b66\u8005\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u8ba4\u771f\u5bf9\u5f85\u4e2d\u56fd\u60c5\u5883\u65f6\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d8\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u624d\u50cf\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u672c\u571f\u5316\u89c6\u4f5c\u975e\u5e38\u503c\u5f97\u5fe7\u8651\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4ee4\u6211\u60ca\u8bb6\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5982\u679c\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u662f\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90a3\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5bf9\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u5bf9\u666e\u9002\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5b66\u672f\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u5ffd\u89c6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u6d45\u5c1d\u8f84\u6b62\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u6beb\u65e0\u5efa\u8bbe\u6027\u7684\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u65e0\u52a9\u4e8e\u5f53\u524d\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u539f\u521b\u529b\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u8fd8\u4f1a\u8bef\u5bfc\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3\u9752\u5e74\u5b66\u751f\u5bf9\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u904f\u5236\u5176\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e0a\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u521b\u9020\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u7ec8\u5c06\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u957f\u8fdc\u53d1\u5c55\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u53d6\u5411\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u3001\u6587\u5316\u7684\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u5fd7\u7684\uff0c\u90fd\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u597d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u5b66\u79d1\u6709\u6240\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5f53\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u521a\u521a\u6062\u590d\u5b66\u79d1\u5efa\u8bbe\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u672c\u571f\u5316\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u9519\u7684\u5207\u5165\u70b9\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u6709\u7740\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u529f\u8d70\u8fc7\u4e86\u672c\u571f\u5316\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5e76\u80a9\u8d1f\u7740\u66f4\u4e3a\u8270\u5de8\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4f7f\u547d\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5b66\u8005\u5e94\u5f53\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u8d85\u8fc7\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u9886\u57df\u6709\u6240\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u505a\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u65f6\u5e94\u8be5\u8003\u8651\u7684\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u672c\u571f\u5316\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u51fa\u4e00\u6d41\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u79ef\u7d2f\u5e76\u4ea7\u751f\u56fd\u9645\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u53c2\u4e0e\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u4e2d\u53bb\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u5171\u8bc6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u901a\u8fc7\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e25\u8c28\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u4e16\u754c\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u672c\u571f\u5316\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63a9\u62a4\uff0c\u6216\u4ee5\u4e4b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9003\u907f\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002\u597d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ec8\u7a76\u662f\u597d\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u597d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u65e2\u80fd\u88ab\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6b23\u8d4f\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u88ab\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u754c\u6b23\u8d4f\uff0c\u5b83\u65e2\u662f\u672c\u571f\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/strong> \u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u2460\u6211\u548c\u6211\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u4ece\u5927\u7ea6\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u4ece\u4e8b\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u5ead\u548c\u5a5a\u59fb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5e76\u91c7\u96c6\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u5a5a\u59fb\u548c\u5bb6\u5ead\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd8\u76f8\u5bf9\u8fb9\u7f18\uff0c\u800c\u5982\u4eca\u5a5a\u59fb\u53d8\u8fc1\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u4ee3\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7b49\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u754c\u65b0\u5174\u7684\u70ed\u95e8\u9009\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u2461\u5f53\u65f6\u56f4\u7ed5\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e02\u573a\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u8ba9\u5f88\u591a\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u53c2\u4e0e\u5230\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5e76\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u4e00\u6d41\u520a\u7269\u4e0a\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u679c(\u8fb9\u71d5\u6770\uff0c2002)\uff0c\u4e5f\u7ed9\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5bf9\u8bdd\u5e73\u53f0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u539f\u6587\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[1]\u8fb9\u71d5\u6770\uff0c2002\uff0c\u300a\u5e02\u573a\u8f6c\u578b\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u5c42\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u8005\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u56fd\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u751f\u6d3b\u00b7\u8bfb\u4e66\u00b7\u65b0\u77e5\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[2]\u9648\u4e91\u677e\u3001\u5434\u6653\u521a\uff0c2012\uff0c\u300a\u8d70\u5411\u5f00\u6e90\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\uff1a\u5b9a\u91cf\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u7684\u590d\u5236\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u300b\u7b2c3\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[3]\u674e\u57f9\u6797\uff0c2016\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u62c5\u5f53\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7b2c5\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[4]\u674e\u53cb\u6885\uff0c2016\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u8272\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5b66\u672f\u8bdd\u8bed\u4f53\u7cfb\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u601d\u8003\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7b2c5\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[5]\u9646\u5b66\u827a\uff0c2013\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5efa\u8bbe\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[6]\u7941\u6d9b\uff0c2014\uff0c\u300a\u6e20\u656c\u4e1c\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5316\u7684\u5371\u673a\u300b\uff0c\u6587\u6c47\u7f5112\u670812\u65e5(http\uff1a\/\/www.whb.cn\/xueren\/20591.htm)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[7]\u65bd\u4e00\u516c\uff0c2017\uff0c\u300a\u5e8f\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u4e4b\u9644\u52a0\u8bf4\u660e\u300b\uff0c\u8c22\u5b87\u3001\u4e9a\u4e3d\u73ca\u5fb7\u62c9\u00b7\u9f50\u6c83\u5fb7\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5728\u8870\u9000\u5417?\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[8]\u5b8b\u6797\u98de\uff0c2016\uff0c\u300a\u589e\u5f3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u8bdd\u8bed\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u8272\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7b2c5\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[9]\u5c09\u5efa\u6587\u3001\u67f4\u73b2\u3001\u4faf\u4f73\u4f1f\uff0c2016\uff0c\u300a\u3008\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u3009\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66(1986-2015)\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7b2c6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[10]\u8096\u5b8f\u3001\u5f20\u4e49\u5ddd\u3001\u4f0d\u519b\u7ea2\u3001\u5b59\u96bd\uff0c2017\uff0c\u300a\u4ece\u6587\u732e\u5927\u6570\u636e\u770b\u8fd1\u5341\u5e74\u6211\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u72b6\u51b5(2006-2015)\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u8bc4\u4ef7\u300b\u7b2c1\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[11]\u8c22\u5b87\uff0c2010\uff0c\u300a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u300b\u7b2c3\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[12]\u8c22\u5b87\uff0c2012\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76(\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248)\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[13]\u8c22\u5b87\u3001\u4e9a\u4e3d\u73ca\u5fb7\u62c9\u00b7\u9f50\u6c83\u5fb7\uff0c2017\uff0c\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5728\u8870\u9000\u5417?\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[14]\u8c22\u5b87\u3001\u5f20\u6625\u6ce5\uff0c2016\uff0c\u300a\u7ed3\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u751f\u53d1\u5c55\u62a5\u544a2016\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[15]\u53f6\u542f\u653f\uff0c2006\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u672c\u571f\u5316\u5efa\u6784\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[16]\u5468\u98de\u821f\uff0c2017\uff0c\u300a\u4ece\u201c\u5fd7\u5728\u5bcc\u6c11\u201d\u5230\u201c\u6587\u5316\u81ea\u89c9\u201d\uff1a\u8d39\u5b5d\u901a\u5148\u751f\u665a\u5e74\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8f6c\u5411\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u300b\u7b2c4\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[17]\u5468\u6653\u8679\uff0c2017\uff0c\u300a\u6c5f\u6751\u8c03\u67e5\uff1a\u6587\u5316\u81ea\u89c9\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5316\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7b2c1\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[18]King,Gary,Robert O.Keohane & Sidney Verba 1994,Designing Social Inquiry:Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research.Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press.<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[19]Nee,Victor 1989,\u201cA Theory of Market Transition:From Redistribution to Markets in State Socialism.\u201d American Sociological Review 54.<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[20]Wu,Xiaogang 2009,\u201cBetween Public and Professional:Chinese Sociology and the Construction of a Harmonious Society.\u201d Footnotes:A Publication of American Sociological Association May\/June(http:\/\/works.bepress.com\/xiaogang_wu\/24\/).<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[21]Xie,Yu 2007,\u201cOtis Dudley Duncan’s Legacy:The Demographic Approach to Quantitative Reasoning in Social Science.\u201d Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 25.<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[22]Xie,Yu 2011,\u201cEvidence-Based Research on China:A Historical Imperative.\u201d Chinese Sociological Review 44(1).<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[23]Xie,Yu,Chunni Zhang & Qing Lai 2014,\u201cChina’s Rise as a Major Contributor to Science and Technology.\u201d Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(26).<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[24]Xie,Yu & Xiang Zhou 2014,\u201cIncome Inequality in Today’s China.\u201d Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111(19).<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[25]Zhao,Dingxin 2015,\u201cMax Weber and Patterns of Chinese History.\u201d Chinese Journal of Sociology 1(2).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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