{"id":8139,"date":"2019-07-13T12:38:00","date_gmt":"2019-07-13T04:38:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/?p=8139"},"modified":"2022-07-12T13:18:30","modified_gmt":"2022-07-12T05:18:30","slug":"%e5%9f%ba%e4%ba%8e%e5%8e%86%e5%8f%b2%e8%a7%86%e8%a7%92%e5%88%86%e6%9e%90%e7%9a%84%e5%bc%ba%e4%ba%ba%e5%b7%a5%e6%99%ba%e8%83%bd%e8%ae%ba%e4%ba%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/?p=8139","title":{"rendered":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u89c6\u89d2\u5206\u6790\u7684\u5f3a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u8bba\u4e89"},"content":{"rendered":"

2019\u5e7407\u670812\u65e5 10:39 \u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u300a\u5c71\u4e1c\u79d1\u6280\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5.\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7248\u300b \u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u738b\u5f66\u96e8<\/p>\n

Research on Strong Artificial Intelligence Debate form the Historical Perspective<\/p>\n

\u539f\u53d1\u4fe1\u606f<\/strong>\uff1a\u300a\u5c71\u4e1c\u79d1\u6280\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5.\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7248\u300b\u7b2c20186\u671f<\/p>\n

\u5185\u5bb9\u63d0\u8981<\/strong>\uff1a\u5728\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f3a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd(\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d)\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e89\u8bae\u4e0d\u65ad\u4f46\u5374\u53c8\u4e0d\u65ad\u5f15\u53d1\u4eba\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u8bae\u9898\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5408\u7406\u770b\u5f85\u5176\u6240\u53d1\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u4e89\u8bba\uff1a(1)\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u7406\u5ff5\u662f\u63a8\u52a8\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u754c\u4e0d\u65ad\u6253\u7834\u4eba\u673a\u754c\u9650\u3001\u4f7fAI\u6280\u672f\u5411\u524d\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff1b(2)\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u4e89\u8bba\u80cc\u540e\u6240\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u793e\u4f1a\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u201c\u4e24\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u201d(\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u5316\u548c\u4eba\u6587\u6587\u5316)\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f20\u529b\uff0c\u4e14AI\u754c\u7684\u8fd9\u51e0\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u4e5f\u7ecf\u5386\u7740\u7531\u5bf9\u7acb\u3001\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u5230\u9010\u6e10\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6027\u5bf9\u8bdd\u4e0e\u5408\u4f5c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002(3)AI\u754c\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u754c\u5728\u5bf9\u5f85\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u6210\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0cAI\u754c\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u4e50\u89c2\u4e0e\u652f\u6301\u5230\u60b2\u89c2\u4e0e\u653e\u5f03\u4ee5\u53ca\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u8c28\u614e\u5fc3\u6001\uff0c\u800c\u54f2\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u5219\u662f\u6cbf\u7740\u7531\u6279\u5224\u4e0e\u8d28\u7591\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u5927\u529b\u5ba3\u626c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8def\u5f84\u6f14\u53d8\uff0c\u4e14\u5f53\u524d\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u5f3aAI\u6240\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u66f4\u4e3a\u5fe7\u8651\u3002(4)\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u91cd\u65b0\u754c\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u800c\u975e\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u201c\u79d1\u5e7b\u5f0f\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed9\u4e88\u5f3aAI\u98ce\u9669\u8bae\u9898\u66f4\u591a\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000Throughout the history of artificial intelligence(AI),”strong AI” has always been a controversial concept which constantly arouses people’s concern For the idea of “strong AI”,we are expected to take a reasonable view of the various arguments it has caused:(1)The idea of “strong AI” is an important force to drive AI technology to break the boundary between humans and machines and develop forward;(2)The controversy of “strong AI” reflects the tension between different social factors,including the “two cultures”(scientific culture and humanistic culture),the mainstream world outlook,i.e.science and technology are the competitiveness and productivity and so on Besides,these cultures in AI circle go through a process from opposition to conflict,and finally to tentative dialogue and cooperation(3)The attitude of AI circle and philosophical circle towards “strong AI” is changing:AI circle was initially optimistic and supportive,and then pessimistic and ignoring,and is now finally cautious; philosophical circle towards “strong AI” was critical and suspicious,and now advocates vigorously,moreover,it is more concerned about the risk that strong AI may cause.(4)The concept of “strong AI” needs to be redefined to make it a scientific concept rather than a simple one of “science fiction”.Besides,more attention should be paid to the “strong AI” risk.<\/p>\n

\u5173\u952e\u8bcd<\/strong>\uff1a\u5f3aAI\/\u201c\u673a\u5668\u667a\u80fd\u6076\u4e0e\u5584\u201d\u4e4b\u4e89\/\u4e50\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u60b2\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u4e89\/\u201c\u667a\u80fd\u589e\u5f3a\u201d\u7406\u5ff5\/\u201c\u5947\u70b9\u201d\u7406\u8bba\/\u201c\u5f3aAI\u98ce\u9669\u8bba\u201d\/\u79d1\u6280\u5de8\u98ce\u9669\u3000\u3000strong AI\/debate on “the evil and the good of machine intelligence”\/debate between optimism and pessimism\/concept of “intelligence augmentation”\/”singularity” theory\/”theory of strong AI risk”\/huge risk of science and technology<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u6807\u9898\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u91cd\u70b9\u57f9\u80b2\u65b9\u5411\u9879\u76ee\u201c\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u98ce\u9669\u201d\uff1b\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u9752\u5e74\u7814\u6559\u9879\u76ee\u201c\u673a\u5668\u4ebaELSI\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u9879\u76ee\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5f3a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd(\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d)\u6982\u5ff5\u7531\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u585e\u5c14(John Searle)\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c[1]\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u9ad8\u7aef\u201c\u901a\u7528\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u201d(Artificial General Intelligence)\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u59c6(Nick Bostrom)\u7684\u201c\u8d85\u7ea7\u667a\u80fd\u201d(Super intelligence)\u3001\u5f17\u8bfa\u00b7\u6587\u5947(Vernor Steffen Vinge)\u7684\u201c\u5947\u70b9\u201d(singularity)\u7b49\uff0c\u5176\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u201c\u5f31AI\u201d(weak AI)\u6216\u5e94\u7528\u6027AI\u3001\u4e13\u7528AI\u3002\u201c\u5f31AI\u201d\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u6216\u81ea\u4e3b\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u89e3\u51b3\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1b\u800c\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u5219\u662f\u6307\u8fbe\u5230\u4eba\u8111\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u673a\u5668\u667a\u80fd\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5168\u9762\u3001\u7efc\u5408\u5730\u590d\u73b0\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u591a\u6570(\u6216\u5168\u90e8)\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5177\u6709\u8bf8\u5982\u81ea\u4e3b\u610f\u8bc6\u3001\u7b97\u8ba1\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u53cd\u5e94\u7b49\u4ef7\u503c\u6216\u60c5\u611f\u8981\u7d20\u3002\u5982\u585e\u5c14\u5c06\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u754c\u5b9a\u4e3a\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u673a\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c55\u793a\u51fa\u6216\u6a21\u62df\u4eba\u7c7b\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u806a\u660e\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u6216\u8d85\u51fa\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u806a\u660e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c\u6ce2\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u59c6\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u8d85\u7ea7\u667a\u80fd\u201d\u201c\u51e0\u4e4e\u5728\u6240\u6709\u9886\u57df\u5747\u80fd\u591f\u8fdc\u8fdc\u8d85\u8fc7\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u3002\u5f3aAI\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u3001\u662f\u5426\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e3a\u5584\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u57c3\u9686\u00b7\u9a6c\u65af\u514b(Elon Musk)\u3001\u53f2\u8482\u82ac\u00b7\u970d\u91d1(Stephen Hawking)\u7b49\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f3aAI\u6700\u7ec8\u4f1a\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e14\u4f1a\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e3a\u6076\uff0c\u5218\u76ca\u4e1c\u5219\u6307\u51fa\u5f3aAI\u5177\u6709\u53cc\u91cd\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u201c\u81f4\u6bc1\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u6b63\u8d1f\u6548\u5e94\u4e0d\u53ef\u62b5\u6d88\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5b83\u6709\u591a\u5927\u7684\u6b63\u9762\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u574f\u906e\u767e\u597d\u201d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5e94\u8be5\u660e\u4ee4\u7981\u6b62\u3002[2]\u8521\u6052\u8fdb\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u610f\u8bc6\u5ef6\u4f38\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\uff0c\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u7684\u662f\u504f\u72ed\u800c\u975e\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5728\u5feb\u901f\u8fdb\u5316\u4e4b\u540e\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5176\u80fd\u529b\u4e0e\u610f\u8bc6\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6781\u5ea6\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\u201d\uff1b[3]\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f3aAI\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u662f\u6709\u76ca\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u8d6b\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u897f\u8499(Hebert Simon)\u3001\u5e93\u5179\u97e6\u5c14(Ray Kurzweil)\u7b49\uff1b\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u5c06\u5f3aAI\u89c6\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u5e7b\u60f3\uff0c\u5982\u4e25\u4e50\u6625(Yann LeCun)\u3001\u8c2d\u94c1\u725b\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5173\u4e8e\u201cAI\u80fd\u5426\u8fbe\u5230\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u6c34\u5e73\u3001\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u53d6\u4ee3\u751a\u81f3\u63a7\u5236\u4eba\u7c7b\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898(\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u5f3aAI\u8bae\u9898\u201d)\uff0c\u81ea\u201c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b66\u79d1\u4ea7\u751f\u4e4b\u65e5\u8d77\u4fbf\u5f15\u53d1\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u5206\u6790\u6563\u89c1\u4e8e\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u4e39\u5c3c\u5c14\u00b7\u514b\u52d2\u7ef4\u8036(Daniel Crevier)\u57281993\u5e74\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300aAI\uff1a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u52a8\u8361\u53f2\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u53d1\u5c55\u521d\u671f\u4e50\u89c2\u6d3e\u548c\u60b2\u89c2\u6d3e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u3001\u5bf9\u7acb\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1b\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u79d1\u592b(John Markoff)\u5728\u300a\u4e0e\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u5171\u821e\uff1a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5927\u672a\u6765\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7814\u7a76\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u4e2d\u201c\u5f3aAI\u6d3e\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u667a\u80fd\u589e\u5f3a\u6d3e\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u5173\u7cfb\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u9610\u91ca\uff0c\u7b49\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8f83\u4e3a\u5206\u6563\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u80fd\u591f\u7ed3\u5408\u5404\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u5bf9\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u4e89\u8bba\u53f2\u8fdb\u884c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u201c\u5f3aAI\u8bae\u9898\u201d\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u53ca\u8ba8\u8bba\u89c6\u89d2\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u7740\u53d8\u5316(\u89c1\u56fe1)\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4e3b\u8981\u63a2\u8ba8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c(1)\u5728\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u671f\uff0cAI\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u5185\u90e8\u4e0d\u540c\u7fa4\u4f53\u4ee5\u53ca\u54f2\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u5206\u522b\u6301\u4f55\u79cd\u6001\u5ea6\uff1f(2)\u4e0d\u540c\u4e89\u8bba\u7fa4\u4f53\u5728\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bae\u9898\u4e0a\u662f\u5426\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u5bf9\u8bdd\u4e0e\u4e92\u52a8\uff1b(3)\u201c\u5f3aAI\u8bae\u9898\u201d\u5bf9\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6709\u4f55\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u901a\u7528\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4e0e\u4e13\u7528\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4e24\u79cd\u7814\u7a76\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u6f14\u8fdb\u3002<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u56fe1 \u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u4eba\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u5f3a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u8bae\u9898\u53ca\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u53d8\u5316<\/p>\n

\u3000\u4e00\u3001\u56fe\u7075\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\u53ca\u8bfa\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u7ef4\u7eb3\u4e0e\u585e\u7f2a\u5c14\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u673a\u5668\u667a\u80fd\u6076\u4e0e\u5584\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u4e89(1950\u20141956)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u3000\u30001950\u5e74\uff0c\u56fe\u7075\u53d1\u8868\u8457\u540d\u8bba\u6587\u300a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5668\u4e0e\u667a\u80fd\u300b(Computing Machinery and Intelligence)\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u673a\u5668\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u601d\u8003\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u3002[4]442\u56fe\u7075\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u50cf\u4eba\u8111\u4e00\u6837\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u6a21\u4eff\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u673a\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u6a21\u4eff\u4eba\u8111\u4ece\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4eba\u8111\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u56fe\u7075\u5c06\u4eba\u8111\u6bd4\u62df\u4e3a\u4e00\u53f0\u6570\u5b57\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u7531\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u3001\u6267\u884c\u5355\u5143\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u5668\u6240\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u7f16\u7a0b\u201d\u5c06\u76ee\u6807\u51fd\u6570\u8f93\u5165\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u7279\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u201c\u5206\u6790\u673a\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u53f0\u4e07\u80fd\u6570\u5b57\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u5f53\u5b83\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u901f\u5ea6\u8fbe\u5230\u4e00\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4f7f\u5b83\u6a21\u4eff\u6211\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u673a\u5668\u201d[4]433-460\u3002\u673a\u5668\u201c\u601d\u8003\u201d\u7684\u9650\u5ea6\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u6216\u662f\u8bf4\u56fe\u7075\u773c\u4e2d\u7684\u673a\u5668\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u5f3aAI\u5c5e\u6027\uff1f\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u673a\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u89c2\u5bdf\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4fee\u6539\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u6709\u6548\u5730\u8fbe\u5230\u67d0\u79cd\u76ee\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u56fe\u7075\u773c\u4e2d\u7684\u673a\u5668\u667a\u80fd\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u8bf8\u5982\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u3001\u4e3b\u4f53\u611f\u53d7\u3001\u610f\u5411\u6027\u7b49\u7cbe\u795e\u6216\u610f\u8bc6\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u3001\u7ebf\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u56fe\u7075\u8ba4\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u7684\u673a\u5668\u667a\u80fd\u5c06\u5177\u6709\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u8fdb\u5316\u3001\u6539\u8fdb\u81ea\u6211\u7b49\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c5e\u6027\u662f\u5f3aAI\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u56fe\u7075\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u53bb\u7814\u7a76\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u673a\u5668\u6a21\u4eff\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5982\u201c\u6e38\u620fAI\u201d\u3001\u5b9a\u7406\u8bc1\u660e\u7b49\u30021951\u5e74\uff0c\u65af\u7279\u96f7\u5947(Christopher Strachey)\u7f16\u5199\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u8df3\u68cb\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u800c\u666e\u6797\u8328(Dietrich Prinz)\u5219\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u56fd\u9645\u8c61\u68cb\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff1b1955\u5e74\uff0c\u7ebd\u5384\u5c14(Allen Newell)\u548c\u897f\u8499(Herbert A.Simon)\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u201c\u903b\u8f91\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u201d(Logic Theorist)\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u300a\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b(Principia Mathematica)\u4e2d38\u4e2a\u5b9a\u7406\uff0c\u4e14\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c[5]123-125\u897f\u8499\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u7a0b\u5e8f\u201c\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\/\u8eab\u4f53\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u7269\u8d28\u6784\u6210\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5982\u4f55\u62e5\u6709\u601d\u60f3\u7279\u8d28\u201d[6]17\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u6e38\u620fAI\u6218\u80dc\u4eba\u7c7b\u68cb\u624b\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u201c\u673a\u5668\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u63a7\u5236\u4eba\u7c7b\u201d\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u4fbf\u662f\u7ef4\u7eb3(Norbert Wiener)\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ef4\u7eb3\u5728\u51761950\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u4eba\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u7528\u5904\uff1a\u63a7\u5236\u8bba\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u300b(The Human Use of Human Being)\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4fbf\u57fa\u4e8e\u71b5\u3001\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5bf9\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u4e0e\u673a\u5668\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u751a\u81f3\u5176\u601d\u7ef4\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u673a\u68b0\u5316\u3002\u7ef4\u7eb3\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\u5f88\u5feb\u53d8\u6210\u73b0\u5b9e\u30021952\u5e74\uff0c\u585e\u7f2a\u5c14(Arthur Samuel)\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u8df3\u68cb\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c1956\u5e742\u670824\u65e5\u8fd9\u4e00\u8df3\u68cb\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6253\u8d25\u4e86\u5eb7\u6d85\u72c4\u683c\u5dde\u7684\u897f\u6d0b\u8df3\u68cb\u51a0\u519b\uff0c\u800c1959\u5e74\uff0c\u585e\u7f2a\u5c14\u5728\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u8df3\u68cb\u6e38\u620fAI\u7684\u5bf9\u5f08\u4e2d\u88ab\u51fb\u8d25\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u7ef4\u7eb3\u5bf9\u6b64\u8868\u793a\u6df1\u5207\u5fe7\u8651\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e8e1960\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u300a\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u6280\u672f\u7684\u540e\u679c\u300b(Some Moral and Technical Consequences of Automation)\u4e00\u6587\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u667a\u80fd\u673a\u5668\u8fdf\u65e9\u8d85\u8fc7\u5e76\u5371\u5bb3\u4eba\u7c7b\u3002\u5176\u7406\u7531\u662f\uff1a(1)\u673a\u5668\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8df3\u51fa\u6b64\u524d\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u6446\u8131\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u201c\u5b83\u4eec\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u6709\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7684\u2026\u2026\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u4e0b\u68cb\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u89c1\u7684\u6218\u672f\u4e0a\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8fd8\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u6218\u7565\u8bc4\u4f30\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u52a0\u6743\u4e0a\u201d\uff1b[7](2)\u4e0b\u68cb\u6e38\u620f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5176\u80fd\u529b\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df(\u5982\u6838\u9886\u57df)\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u8de8\u9886\u57df\u8fc1\u79fb\u5e76\u5e26\u6765\u672a\u77e5\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u201c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5177\u6709\u5b66\u4e60\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u673a\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u7f16\u7801\u65b0\u578b\u6309\u94ae\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u6309\u94ae\u52a8\u4f5c\u2026\u2026\u4e00\u4e2a\u62e5\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u53ef\u8fdb\u884c\u9002\u5f53\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u4eba\u7c7b\u65e9\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u6d88\u706d\u4e86\u201d\uff1b[8](3)\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u52a8\u7f13\u6162\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u505a\u51fa\u53ca\u65f6\u6709\u6548\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u4f46\u585e\u7f2a\u5c14\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba4\u540c\u7ef4\u7eb3\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u673a\u5668\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u72ec\u7acb\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4e0b\u68cb\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u610f\u56fe\u201d\u6216\u201c\u7ed3\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u672c\u4eba\u610f\u56fe\u7684\u53cd\u6620\u3002\u585e\u7f2a\u5c14\u4e13\u95e8\u5728\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u64b0\u6587\u201c\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u6280\u672f\u7684\u540e\u679c\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u79cd\u53cd\u9a73\u201d(Some Moral and Technical Consequences of Automation\u2014\u2014A Refutation)\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u7ef4\u7eb3\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ed3\u8bba\u6211\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u673a\u5668\u80fd\u591f\u62e5\u6709\u539f\u521b\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5a01\u80c1\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u201c\u673a\u5668\u4e0d\u662f\u5996\u9b54\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u7528\u9b54\u672f\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0e\u7ef4\u7eb3\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5c11\u89c1\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5931\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u5916\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u8f93\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u672a\u7ecf\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u201d[9]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u4e8c\u3001\u5f3aAI\u4e50\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u60b2\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u4e89(\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c1956\u20141974)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u3000\u30001956\u5e74\uff0c\u8fbe\u7279\u8305\u65af\u4f1a\u8bae(Dartmouth Conference)\u53ec\u5f00\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7814\u7a76\u9010\u6e10\u5efa\u5236\u5316\uff0c\u4e14\u53d1\u5c55\u901f\u5ea6\u201c\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u5947\u201d\u3002[6]1820\u4e16\u7eaa50\u300160\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0cMIT(1959)\u3001\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66(1963)\u3001\u5361\u5185\u57fa\u6885\u9686\u5927\u5b66\u7b49\u5747\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5728\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ec4\u91d1\u671f(1956\u20141974\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3)\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u754c\u5bf9\u201cAI\u8fbe\u5230\u6216\u8d85\u8fc7\u4eba\u7c7b\u667a\u80fd\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u6301\u4e50\u89c2\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u5982\uff0c1957\u5e74\u8d6b\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u897f\u8499\u5728\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u524d\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u62e5\u6709\u53ef\u4ee5\u601d\u8003\u3001\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u521b\u9020\u7684\u673a\u5668\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u589e\u957f\u975e\u5e38\u8fc5\u901f\uff0c\u5728\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5c06\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u7ef4\u5171\u5ef6\u201d\uff1b[10]1970\u5e74\uff0c\u660e\u65af\u57fa(Marvin Minsky)\u5728\u300a\u751f\u6d3b\u300b(Life)\u6742\u5fd7\u8c08\u5230\uff0c\u201c\u5728\u4e09\u5230\u516b\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u62e5\u6709\u5176\u667a\u80fd\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\u673a\u5668\u201d[5]272-274\u3002\u5728\u4e50\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4eba\u8111\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u6d3b\u52a8(\u5982\u63a8\u7406\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u3001\u51b3\u7b56\u7b49)\u5747\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u4e3a\u7b26\u53f7\u3001\u8fd8\u539f\u6210\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u6216\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u903b\u8f91\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u6765\u590d\u73b0\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u8111\u7684\u6240\u6709\u601d\u7ef4\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u9053\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u00b7\u970d\u592b\u65bd\u5854\u7279(Douglas Hofstadter)\u5728\u300a\u54e5\u5fb7\u5c14\u3001\u57c3\u820d\u5c14\u548c\u5df4\u8d6b\uff1a\u4e0d\u673d\u7684\u91d1\u53d1\u8fab\u300b(1979)\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u4fbf\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e00\u5207\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u90fd\u80fd\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u5f62\u5f0f\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u795e\u7ecf\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u6709\u7740\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8bf8\u5982\u7f8e\u3001\u610f\u4e49\u3001\u611f\u89c9\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u4f9d\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u8fdb\u884c\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u8868\u793a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7406\u7531\u4f7f\u4eba\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u4e00\u53f0\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e2d\u8fd0\u8f6c\u5f97\u5b8c\u7f8e\u65e0\u7f3a\u7684\u786c\u4ef6\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u652f\u6301\u90a3\u5f15\u8d77\u4f53\u73b0\u8bf8\u5982\u6df7\u4e71\u3001\u9057\u5fd8\u4ee5\u53ca\u7f8e\u611f\u8fd9\u7c7b\u590d\u6742\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u9ad8\u5c42\u7b26\u53f7\u884c\u4e3a\u201d[11]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u754c\u5f00\u59cb\u767b\u573a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f3aAI\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u800c\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u9c81\u5361\u65af(John Lucas)\u3001\u5fb7\u96f7\u798f\u65af(H.Dreyfus)\u7b49\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53cd\u5bf9AI\u4e50\u89c2\u6d3e\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u201c\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u6d3b\u52a8\u5747\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b26\u53f7\u5316\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u201d\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u5982\u9c81\u5361\u65af\u57281961\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5fc3\u7075\u3001\u673a\u5668\u548c\u54e5\u5fb7\u5c14\u300b(Minds\uff0cMachines and Godel)\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4eba\u7c7b\u5fc3\u7075\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u8fd8\u539f\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u7531\u5404\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u3001\u975e\u673a\u68b0\u6027\u7d2f\u52a0\u7684\u7279\u8d28\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u673a\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6210\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u2018\u8c08\u2019\u53ca\u5b83\u2018\u610f\u8bc6\u2019\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4e0d\u53d8\u6210\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u5b83\u4fbf\u65e0\u6cd5\u771f\u6b63\u62e5\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u2018\u8003\u8651\u2019\u2026\u2026\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u53cd\u601d\u81ea\u8eab\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6279\u8bc4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u4e14\u8fd9\u79cd\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u589e\u52a0\u989d\u5916\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u5b83\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u3001\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u963f\u5580\u7409\u65af\u4e4b\u8e35\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u201d[12]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5fb7\u96f7\u798f\u65af\u5219\u5229\u7528\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u5bf9\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4e50\u89c2\u6d3e\u8fdb\u884c\u653b\u51fb\u30021972\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u96f7\u798f\u65af\u5728\u5176\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e0d\u80fd\u591f\u505a\u7684\uff1a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u6781\u9650\u300b(What Computers Can’t Do\uff1athe Limits of Artificial Intelligence)\u4e2d\u5f3a\u8c03\uff1a\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3001\u76f4\u89c9\u3001\u610f\u4e49\u7b49\u5747\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u5f62\u5f0f\u89c4\u5219\u6765\u52a0\u4ee5\u63cf\u8ff0\uff1b\u4e14\uff0c\u610f\u4e49\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u7b49\u662f\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u529f\u80fd\u5e76\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u7531\u5176\u751f\u7406\u673a\u80fd\u6240\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u5b64\u7acb\u5730\u6a21\u62df\u5927\u8111\u673a\u5236\u800c\u4e0d\u628a\u5b83\u653e\u5230\u4e0e\u5916\u754c\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ea7\u751f\u601d\u60f3\u7684\uff0c\u201c\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u7406\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u6f14\u7b97\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5f53\u4ed6\u786e\u8ba4\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u76f8\u5173\u800c\u4e14\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6839\u636e\u4e8b\u5148\u7684\u7ed9\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u73af\u5883\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u8981\u9020\u51fa\u667a\u80fd\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4f01\u56fe\u5c31\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e0a\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u201d\uff1b[13]\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u901a\u8fc7\u7b97\u6cd5\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5176\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u8303\u56f4\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u800c\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5f80\u5f80\u51fa\u73b0\u590d\u6742\u6027\u6307\u6570\u7206\u70b8\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5fb7\u96f7\u798f\u65af\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u754c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u5982\u897f\u8499\u5728\u300a\u601d\u7ef4\u673a\u5668\u300b(Thinking Machines)\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u5c06\u5fb7\u96f7\u798f\u65af\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u65a5\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u5e9f\u7269\u201d\uff0c\u660e\u65af\u57fa\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fb7\u96f7\u798f\u65af\u201c\u4e0d\u7406\u89e3\u2018\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u2019\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u65e0\u9700\u7406\u4f1a\u201d\u3002[14]143\u5f53\u7136\uff0cAI\u754c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5fb7\u798f\u96f7\u65af\u4e5f\u5e76\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u6279\u5224\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u57fa\u4e8e\u4f26\u7406\u7ef4\u5ea6\u6765\u8c28\u614e\u53cd\u601d\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6240\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5982ELIZA\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u8005\u9b4f\u6cfd\u9c8d\u59c6\u4fbf\u8ba4\u4e3aAI\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5bf9\u5fb7\u798f\u96f7\u65af\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u6f20\u89c6\u662f\u4e0d\u4e13\u4e1a\u3001\u4e14\u5e7c\u7a1a\u7684\u30021976\u5e74\uff0c\u9b4f\u6cfd\u9c8d\u59c6\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u80fd\u529b\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7406\u6027\u300b(Computer Power and Human Reason)\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5bf9\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u6ee5\u7528\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u4eba\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u548c\u673a\u5668\u667a\u80fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u5212\u51fa\u4e00\u6761\u754c\u9650\u3002\u2026\u2026\u4eba\u628a\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u673a\u5668\u4e16\u754c\uff1b\u8fd9\u79cd\u666e\u904d\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u53ef\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u6df1\u5165\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u3002\u201d[15]<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u867d\u7136\u906d\u5230\u54f2\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u6210\u4e3aAI\u754c\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u6027\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u653f\u5e9c\u754c\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\u8005\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u201c\u6d6e\u5938\u6027\u627f\u8bfa\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u5f97\u5230\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5927\u529b\u652f\u6301\u3002\u598219\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u9ea6\u5361\u9521\u66fe\u544a\u8bc9\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u9632\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7814\u7a76\u8ba1\u5212\u5c40(\u5f53\u65f6\u79f0ARPA)\uff1a\u5728\u672a\u676510\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6253\u9020\u51fa\u201c\u5168\u667a\u80fd\u673a\u5668\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u521b\u9020\u80fd\u591f\u50cf\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e00\u6837\u9ad8\u6548\u5730\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u201d[16]114\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u51b7\u6218\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u52a0\u4e4bAI\u754c\u7684\u9f13\u5439\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u9632\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7814\u7a76\u8ba1\u5212\u5c40\u5c06\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u6ce8\u5165\u8fd9\u4e00\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u59821963\u5e74\u8be5\u673a\u6784\u6295\u5165200\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u8d44\u52a9MIT\u201cAI\u667a\u80fd\u5c0f\u7ec4\u201d\u7684MAC\u9879\u76ee(the Project on Mathematics and Computation)\uff0c\u76f4\u52301970\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u9632\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7814\u7a76\u8ba1\u5212\u5c40\u6bcf\u5e74\u90fd\u4f1a\u5411MIT\u6295\u5165300\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7528\u4e8e\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7814\u7a76\uff1b[14]64-65\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u9632\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7814\u7a76\u8ba1\u5212\u5c40\u4e5f\u8d44\u52a9\u897f\u8499\u5728\u5361\u8010\u57fa\u6885\u9686\u5927\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u9ea6\u5361\u9521\u5728\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u9879\u76ee\u7b49\u3002\u5728\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u4e0b\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u5982\u6570\u5b66\u53ca\u51e0\u4f55\u89e3\u9898\u3001\u673a\u5668\u7ffb\u8bd1\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u8bed\u8a00\u5904\u7406\u3001\u8bed\u97f3\u53ca\u89c6\u89c9\u8bc6\u522b\u3001\u667a\u80fd\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u7b49\u5747\u53d6\u5f97\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u754c\u5e0c\u671b\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u80fd\u591f\u62e5\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4eba\u8111\u7684\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3001\u4e0d\u65ad\u6253\u7834\u4eba\u8111\u4e0e\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u9650\u754c\uff0c\u59821959\u5e74\u7ebd\u5384\u5c14\u548c\u897f\u8499\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u201c\u901a\u7528\u95ee\u9898\u6c42\u89e3\u5668\u201d(General Problem Solver)\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5904\u7406\u4e00\u4e9b\u666e\u904d\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\uff1b1966\u5e74\uff0c\u9b4f\u6cfd\u9c8d\u59c6(Joseph Weizenbaum)\u53d1\u660eELIZA\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u5907\u53ef\u4f7f\u7528\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u8bed\u8a00\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff1b1972\u5e74\uff0c\u7ef4\u8bfa\u683c\u62c9\u5fb7(T.Winograd)\u5728MIT\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u8bed\u8a00\u6307\u6325\u52a8\u4f5c\u7684\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u7cfb\u7edfSHRDLU\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u666e\u901a\u7684\u82f1\u8bed\u53e5\u5b50\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u5e76\u6267\u884c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001\u201c\u667a\u80fd\u589e\u5f3a\u201d\u7406\u5ff5\u5bf9\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u7684\u51b2\u51fb(\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u51ac\u5929\uff0c1974\u20141980)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u3000\u30001974\u20141980\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u8fdb\u5165\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5bd2\u51ac\u671f\u201d(AI Winter)\u3002AI\u51ac\u5929\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u201c\u81ea\u52a8\u8bed\u8a00\u5904\u7406\u54a8\u8be2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d(Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee)\u4e8e1966\u5e74\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u201cAL-PAC\u62a5\u544a\u201d(\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u673a\u5668\uff1a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e2d\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66)\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u8d56\u7279\u5e0c\u5c14(James Lighthill)\u7235\u58eb\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u8bae\u4f1a\u6388\u610f\u4e0b\u4e8e1973\u5e74\u6240\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u201cLighthill Report\u201d\u3002\u201cLighthill\u7684[1973]\u5e74\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u4f7f\u5f97\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u6240\u5efa\u7acb\u7684AI\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u906d\u53d7\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6253\u51fb(\u5f53\u7136\u5728\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5c0f\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd)\uff0c\u5b83\u6301\u7eed\u4e86\u5341\u5e74\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u2018AI\u51ac\u5929\u2019\u3002\u201d1973\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u62a5\u544a\u5728\u82f1\u56fdBBC\u201cControversy\u201d\u7cfb\u5217\u8282\u76ee\u4e2d\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u901a\u7528\u578b\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u6d77\u5e02\u8703\u697c\u201d\u3002[14]22\u62a5\u544a\u6700\u7ec8\u4f7f\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec8\u7ed3\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5927\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684AI\u7814\u7a76\uff0cJames Hendler\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u51b2\u51fb\u6ce2\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u5e76\u5bfc\u81f4AI\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u8d39\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u524a\u51cf\u201d\uff0c[17]\u76f4\u52301983\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u624d\u901a\u8fc7Alvey\u9879\u76ee\u8d44\u52a9AI\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0cAI\u754c\u5f00\u59cb\u51fa\u73b0\u5206\u88c2\u3002\u867d\u7136\u9ea6\u5361\u9521\u7b49\u4f9d\u7136\u5bf9\u5f3aAI\u62b1\u6709\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u5982\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f3aAI\u4f9d\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u5feb\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u201c1.8\u4e2a\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u66fc\u54c8\u987f\u8ba1\u5212\u6240\u9700\u8d44\u6e90\u76841\/10\u201d[16]116-117\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e9bAI\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5219\u5bf9\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5b8f\u5927\u7eb2\u9886\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6000\u7591\u53ca\u5931\u671b\u60c5\u7eea\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u6b64\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86AI(\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u9ea6\u5361\u9521\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868)\u4e0eIA(\u589e\u5f3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u667a\u80fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u9f20\u6807\u4e4b\u7236\u201d\u9053\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u00b7\u6069\u683c\u5c14\u5df4\u7279\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868)\u4e24\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u7eb2\u9886\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u524d\u8005(AI)\u5f3a\u8c03\u53d1\u5c55\u80fd\u591f\u66ff\u4ee3\u4eba\u7c7b\u3001\u6574\u4f53\u4e0a\u8d85\u8fc7\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684AI\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005(IA)\u5219\u5f3a\u8c03\u4eba\u673a\u4ea4\u4e92\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u673a\u5668\u53ea\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u8f85\u52a9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u65af\u5766\u798f\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7684\u6069\u683c\u5c14\u5df4\u7279(Douglas C.Engelbart)\u65e9\u57281962\u5e74\u5c31\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u653e\u5927\u4eba\u7c7b\u667a\u529b\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u6846\u67b6\u201d(Augmenting the Human Intellect\uff1aA Conceptual Framework)\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u667a\u529b\u201c\u653e\u5927\u5668\u201d\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6240\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u80fd\u591f\u6539\u5584\u4eba\u673a\u4ea4\u4e92\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684AI\uff0c\u201c\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u9700\u7b49\u5230\u5b8c\u5168\u4e86\u89e3\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u5fc3\u667a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u673a\u7406\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u9700\u7b49\u5230\u5b66\u4f1a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u51fa\u66f4\u667a\u80fd\u3001\u66f4\u5f3a\u3001\u66f4\u5feb\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5df2\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u8bbe\u8ba1\u66f4\u5f3a\u5927\u3001\u66f4\u5177\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53ef\u884c\u6027\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u589e\u5f3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u201d[18]\u5728\u667a\u80fd\u589e\u5f3a\u7406\u8bba\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u8981\u53d6\u4ee3\u4eba\u7c7b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u4ee5\u4eba\u7c7b\u7528\u6237\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u8fdb\u884c\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u201c\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u768450\u5e74\uff0cAI\u548cIA\u4e24\u5927\u9635\u8425\u95f4\u6f5c\u5728\u7d27\u5f20\u5173\u7cfb\u4e00\u76f4\u56f4\u7ed5\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5fc3\u810f\u5730\u5e26\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u5df2\u7ecf\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6b63\u5728\u6539\u53d8\u7740\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u6280\u672f\u2026\u2026\u4eba\u4eec\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0cAI\u548cIA\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u679a\u786c\u5e01\u7684\u6b63\u53cd\u4e24\u9762\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u6839\u672c\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u662f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u9020\u798f\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5c06\u6280\u672f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u662f\uff0c\u5236\u9020\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3001\u8f6f\u4ef6\u548c\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4ee5\u4eba\u7c7b\u7528\u6237\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u8fdb\u884c\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u66ff\u4ee3\u4eba\u7c7b\u201d[18]115\u3002\u6069\u683c\u5c14\u5df4\u7279\u81ea\u8eab\u4fbf\u662f\u667a\u80fd\u589e\u5f3a\u3001\u4eba\u673a\u4ea4\u4e92\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e8e1963\u5e74\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u6700\u521d\u7684\u9f20\u6807\uff0c\u7528\u5b83\u6765\u4ee3\u66ff\u7e41\u7410\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u64cd\u4f5c\u66f4\u4e3a\u7b80\u4fbf\u30021960\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u6069\u683c\u5df4\u5c14\u7279\u5728\u65af\u5766\u798f\u56fd\u9645\u7814\u7a76\u9662(SRI International)\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u201c\u589e\u5f3a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u201d(Augmentation Research Center)\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u540c\u4e8b\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u65af(Don Andrews)\u3001\u82f1\u683c\u5229\u5e0c(Bill English)\u3001\u9c81\u91cc\u592b\u68ee(Jeff Rulifson)\u7b49\u4e00\u9053\uff0c\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u8d85\u6587\u672c\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3001\u56fe\u5f62\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762\u7b49\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d1\u660e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7b80\u5316\u4eba\u673a\u4ea4\u4e92\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002[19]<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5728\u6069\u683c\u5df4\u5c14\u7279\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206AI\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5f00\u59cb\u7531\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u201c\u5f3a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u201d\u8f6c\u5411\u201c\u667a\u80fd\u589e\u5f3a\u201d\u9635\u8425\u3002\u5982\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u65bd\u4e50\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u827e\u4f26\u00b7\u51ef(Alan Kay)\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u5728\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5de5\u4f5c\u8fc7\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u50cf\u9ea6\u5361\u9521\u4e00\u6837\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e00\u79cd\u5339\u654c\u6216\u53d6\u4ee3\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684AI\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u4e2a\u4eba\u7535\u8111\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6bd4\u5c14\u00b7\u675c\u74e6\u5c14(Bill Duvall)\u3001\u62c9\u91cc\u00b7\u6cf0\u65af\u52d2(Larry Tesler)\u3001\u6770\u745e\u00b7\u5361\u666e\u5170(Jerry Kaplan)\u7b49\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u8f6c\u5411\u667a\u80fd\u589e\u5f3a\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u7b80\u6d01\u7684\u684c\u9762\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u5e73\u677f\u7535\u8111\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u7531\u4e8e\u5f3aAI\u7406\u5ff5\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u8bf8\u5982\u8bed\u4e49\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u5e38\u8bc6\u96be\u9898(\u5982\u83ab\u62c9\u7ef4\u514b\u6096\u8bba)\u7b49\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6d89\u53ca\u6280\u672f\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u8fd8\u5173\u6d89\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u5982\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u4e0e\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7b49\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u754c\u5f00\u59cb\u4e0e\u54f2\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u6709\u4e86\u4e92\u52a8\u3002\u5728\u4e92\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0cAI\u754c\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u8def\u5f84\u2014\u2014\u903b\u8f91\u7b26\u53f7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u4e00\u90e8\u5206AI\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u9010\u6e10\u629b\u5f03\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u5982\u5a01\u8bfa\u683c\u62c9\u5fb7(Terry Allen Winograd)\u7b49\u30021970\u5e74\uff0c\u5a01\u8bfa\u683c\u62c9\u5fb7\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86SHRDLU\u667a\u80fd\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u7cfb\u7edf(\u8fd9\u4e00\u7cfb\u7edf\u80fd\u591f\u201c\u7406\u89e3\u201d\u5bf9\u8bdd\u8005\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u5e76\u80fd\u591f\u57fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u8bed\u8a00\u547d\u4ee4\u505a\u51fa\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c)\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u7ecf\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u5177\u6709\u201c\u7406\u89e3\u201d\u81ea\u7136\u8bed\u8a00\u80fd\u529b\u7684AI\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u7ecf\u8fc7\u201c\u5347\u7ea7\u201d\u6216\u79ef\u7d2f\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5e38\u8bc6\u548c\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u50cf\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e00\u6837\u5904\u7406\u591a\u6837\u5316\u7684\u3001\u590d\u6742\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5a01\u8bfa\u683c\u62c9\u5fb7\u7ecf\u5e38\u53c2\u52a0\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u5206\u6821\u7531\u5fb7\u96f7\u798f\u65af\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u5c0f\u7ec4\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u90a3\u91cc\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5982\u585e\u5c14\u7b49\u8fdb\u884c\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u5348\u9910\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u7a7f\u8fc7\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u7684\u8857\u9053\u805a\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u6765\u81ea\u65bd\u4e50PARC\u7684\u5a01\u8bfa\u683c\u62c9\u5fb7\u548c\u4e39\u5c3c\u00b7\u535a\u5e03\u7f57\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5348\u9910\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u5e38\u5ba2\u3002\u5a01\u8bfa\u683c\u62c9\u5fb7\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u504f\u89c1\u2026\u2026\u4ed6\u6700\u7ec8\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5bf9\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u2018\u4fe1\u4ef0\u2019\u201d\uff0c[16]179\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u201c\u6069\u683c\u5c14\u9a6c\u7279\u5f0f\u201d\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u589e\u5f3a\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u5c06\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u201c\u5982\u4f55\u5f3a\u5316\u4eba\u673a\u4e92\u52a8\u6280\u672f\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5a01\u8bfa\u683c\u62c9\u5fb7\u8fd8\u4e0e\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8d39\u5c14\u5357\u591a\u00b7\u5f17\u6d1b\u96f7\u65af(Fernando Flores)\u5408\u4f5c\u5b8c\u6210\u300a\u7406\u89e3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\uff1a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u65b0\u57fa\u7840\u300b(Understanding Computers and Cognition\uff1aa New Foundation for Design)\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4e50\u89c2\u6d3e\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6279\u5224\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u56db\u3001AI\u754c\u5bf9\u5f3aAI\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u53db\u9003\u201d\u53ca\u54f2\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u5f3aAI\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u6279\u5224(1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u20141990\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u3000\u300020\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e13\u5bb6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6210\u529f\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\uff0cAI\u8fce\u6765\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u9ec4\u91d1\u671f(1980\u20141987)\u3002\u24601970\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8eAI\u754c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3a\u519b\u4e8b\u90e8\u95e8\u63d0\u4f9b\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u65b0\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u9632\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7814\u7a76\u8ba1\u5212\u5c40\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\u5927\u91cf\u7f29\u51cf\uff0cAI\u7814\u7a76\u4e3e\u6b65\u7ef4\u8270\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6AI\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8f6c\u5411\u4f01\u4e1a\u754c\u5bfb\u6c42\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u72ec\u7acb\u7684AI\u516c\u53f8\u63a8\u8fdb\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u201c\u4e13\u5bb6\u7cfb\u7edf\u201d\u7814\u7a76\u5f00\u59cb\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e80\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ea610\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u4ea7\u4e1a\uff0c\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u4e86Carnegie Group(1983)\u3001IntelliCorp(1980)\u3001Teknowledge(1981)\u3001Inference(1979)\u7b49\u77e5\u540d\u4e13\u5bb6\u7cfb\u7edf\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u4ea7\u54c1\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5de5\u4e1a\u5236\u9020\u3001\u533b\u7597\u3001\u822a\u7a7a\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\uff0c\u4e16\u754c500\u5f3a\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u534a\u5728\u5e94\u7528\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e13\u5bb6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6AI\u91cd\u9547\u5982MIT\u3001\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u5361\u5185\u57fa-\u6885\u9686\u5927\u5b66\u7b49\u5747\u5f00\u5c55\u4e86\u4e13\u5bb6\u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u5173\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u4e13\u5bb6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u5e94\u7528\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7b26\u53f7\u5316\u4e3a\u77e5\u8bc6\u5e93\uff0c\u5efa\u6784\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5339\u914d\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u95ee\u7b54\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u7528\u6237\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e13\u5bb6\u7cfb\u7edf\u867d\u7136\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57dfAI\u5bf9\u666e\u901a\u4eba(\u751a\u81f3\u4e13\u5bb6)\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\uff0c\u4e14\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u62e5\u6709\u91cf\u3001\u5206\u6790\u7cbe\u51c6\u5ea6\u53ca\u6548\u7387\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\uff0c\u4f46\u4e13\u5bb6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u4fbf\u662f\u201c\u5e94\u7528\u578bAI\u201d\u800c\u975e\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8f85\u52a9\u4eba\u7c7b\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u7ef4\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u8d85\u8d8a\u3002\u4e13\u5bb6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u8868\u660eAI\u754c\u9010\u6e10\u653e\u5f03\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u201c\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u8f83\u4f4e\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5176\u6280\u672f\u6587\u5316\u57fa\u7840\u662f\u201c\u8f85\u52a9\u4eba\u7c7b\u201d\u53ca\u201c\u83b7\u5f97\u5546\u4e1a\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u6210\u529f\u201d\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u201c\u5e94\u7528\u578bAI\u201d\u6d3e\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u6d3e\u7684\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u7740AI\u754c\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u9ea6\u5361\u9521\u5f0f\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u96c6\u4f53\u201c\u53db\u9003\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u201c\u5e94\u7528\u578bAI\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u9ec4\u91d1\u671f\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u6301\u7eed\u592a\u4e45\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u4fbf\u8fdb\u5165\u201c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5bd2\u51ac\u201d\u3002\u201c\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0cAI\u4e1a\u7684\u7e41\u8363\uff0c\u4ece1980\u5e74\u51e0\u767e\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u52301988\u5e74\u7684\u6570\u5341\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u3002\u7136\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u4fbf\u8fdb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3aAI\u51ac\u5929\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u201d\uff0c[6]24\u5b83\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u8fc7\u4e8e\u6602\u8d35\u3001\u65e0\u6cd5\u201c\u81ea\u4e3b\u5b66\u4e60\u201d\u3001\u7ef4\u62a4\u6210\u672c\u9ad8\u3001\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u901a\u7528\u6027\u7b49\u30021987\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4fe1\u606f\u6280\u672f\u5904\u7406\u529e\u516c\u5ba4(Information Processing Technology Office)\u4e3b\u7ba1\u53f2\u74e6\u5179(Jack Schwarz)\u5c06\u4e13\u5bb6\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bbd\u523a\u4e3a\u201c\u806a\u660e\u7684\u7f16\u7a0b\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u201c\u5168\u9762\u3001\u6b8b\u9177\u5730\u201d\u5730\u780d\u6389\u4e86AI\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u5f3a\u70c8\u8ba4\u4e3aAI\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u4e0b\u4e00\u6ce2\u201d\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0cAI\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u4e2a\u4eba\u7535\u8111\u6240\u7ec8\u7ed3\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u518d\u671f\u671b\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6709\u591a\u201c\u806a\u660e\u201d\u3001\u6216\u662f\u591a\u4e48\u5177\u6709\u5f3aAI\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u4eba\u673a\u4ea4\u4e92\u66f4\u4e3a\u4fbf\u6377\u3001\u751f\u52a8\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u964d\u4f4e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4f7f\u7528\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\u201d\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u4ee3\u66ff\u4e86\u5bf9\u673a\u5668\u201c\u667a\u80fd\u6027\u201d\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662fAI\u754c\u7684\u4e50\u89c2\u6d3e\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u627f\u8ba4\u201c\u5f3aAI\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4fe1\u5ff5\u6216\u4fe1\u4ef0\u201d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u73b0\u5b9e\u53ef\u884c\u6027\u3002\u5982\u8fc8\u514b\u00b7\u8a79\u59c6\u65af(Mike James)\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u76ee\u524d\u5173\u4e8e\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd8\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u76f8\u4fe1\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7a33\u6b65\u524d\u8fdb\u5c06\u4f1a\u6700\u7ec8\u9020\u6210\u667a\u80fd\u673a\u201d[20]\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f3aAI\u4e50\u89c2\u6d3e\u4eba\u58eb\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5f3a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5c06\u6765\u4f1a\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u4f46\u9700\u8981\u7b49\u5f85\u8ba1\u7b97\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u63d0\u5347\u3002\u5982\u6c49\u65af-\u83ab\u62c9\u7ef4\u514b\u8c08\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u5929\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8def\u7ebf\uff0c\u4f1a\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u8def\u7ebf\u534a\u9014\u76f8\u9047\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u4e8e\u63a8\u7406\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6765\u8bf4\u6781\u5176\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u5e38\u8bc6\u77e5\u8bc6\u5e93\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u5411\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u65f6\u523b\uff0c\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u4ea7\u751f\u771f\u6b63\u667a\u80fd\u673a\u5668\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u2018\u91d1\u9489\u5b50\u2019\u3002\u201d[21]<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5728AI\u754c\u9010\u6e10\u653e\u5f03\u5f3aAI\u7406\u5ff5\u65f6\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u754c\u5219\u57fa\u4e8e\u8bed\u4e49\u5b66\u5bf9\u5f3aAI\u7406\u5ff5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u5f7b\u5e95\u3001\u66f4\u4e3a\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u6279\u5224\u30021980\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u585e\u5c14\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u4e2d\u6587\u5c4b\u201d\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ece\u8bed\u4e49\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u201c\u673a\u5668\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u56fe\u7075\u6d4b\u8bd5\u201d\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5224\u522b\u201c\u673a\u5668\u667a\u80fd\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u667a\u80fd\u662f\u5426\u7b49\u540c\u201d\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u585e\u5c14\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8bed\u6cd5\u89c4\u5219\u8fdb\u884c\u7b26\u53f7\u5904\u7406\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u673a\uff0c\u5b83\u65e0\u6cd5\u50cf\u751f\u7269\u5927\u8111\u4e00\u6837\u8fdb\u884c\u8bed\u4e49\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7b26\u53f7\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u201c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6c38\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee3\u66ff\u4eba\u5fc3\uff0c\u5176\u7406\u7531\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff1a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53ea\u662f\u8bed\u6cd5\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5fc3\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u8bed\u6cd5\u7684\u3002\u5fc3\u662f\u8bed\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eba\u5fc3\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f62\u5f0f\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u3002\u201d[22]\u585e\u5c14\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6fc0\u6012\u4e86\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u754c\uff0c\u585e\u5c14\u6700\u521d\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u610f\u5411\u6027\u201d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u5f15\u53d1\u4e8630\u7bc7\u53cd\u9a73\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u5728AI\u754c\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5bf9\u201c\u610f\u4e49\u201d\u8fdb\u884c\u6700\u7ec8\u6eaf\u6e90\uff0c\u5176\u7ec8\u6781\u539f\u56e0\u53ea\u80fd\u5f52\u4e4b\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u795e\u5b66\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6beb\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u4e94\u3001\u201c\u5947\u70b9\u201d\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u5174\u8d77(1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u20142000\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5230\u4e861990\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u80cc\u4e0a\u4e86\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u627f\u8bfa\u7684\u574f\u540d\u58f0\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u62d2\u7edd\u518d\u4f5c\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u9884\u8a00\uff0cAI\u754c\u7684\u5927\u6570\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u907f\u514d\u63d0\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u201c\u4eba\u7c7b\u6c34\u5e73\u201d\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u88ab\u8d34\u4e0a\u201c\u767d\u65e5\u68a6\u201d\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u3002\u9ea6\u5361\u9521\u66fe\u8fd9\u6837\u63cf\u8ff0\uff1a\u201c\u5bf9\u4e8eAI\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u65b0\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u4e49(inventors of new general formalisms)\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u66f4\u52a0\u8c28\u614e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5176\u4ed6\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4fbf\u4f1a\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u4e00\u79cd\u6781\u5927\u7684\u89e3\u8131\u3002\u201d[23]\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7eed\u52302000\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u9a6c\u79d1\u592b(John Markoff)\u57282005\u5e74\u7684\u201cNew York Times\u201d\u6742\u5fd7\u4e0a\u8c08\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u5728(AI)\u4f4e\u8c37\u65f6\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u7528AI\u8fd9\u4e00\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u5bb3\u6015\u88ab\u4eba\u4eec\u89c6\u4e3a\u662f\u72c2\u70ed\u7684\u68a6\u60f3\u5bb6\u3002\u201d[24]<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5f3aAI\u89c2\u5ff5\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u754c\u3001\u4f20\u5a92\u754c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5f3aAI\u7406\u5ff5\u5374\u9010\u6e10\u4ee5\u201c\u5947\u70b9\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b0\u6982\u5ff5\u5f62\u5f0f\u800c\u91cd\u65b0\u590d\u5174\u4e86\u30021993\u5e74\uff0c\u6587\u5947\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u822a\u7a7a\u822a\u5929\u5c40\u8def\u6613\u65af\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3e\u529e\u7684\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\u4e0a\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e86\u6587\u7ae0\u201c\u5373\u5c06\u5230\u6765\u7684\u5947\u70b9\u201d(The Coming Technological Singularity)\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u6280\u672f\u7684\u52a0\u901f\u8fdb\u6b65\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5728\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u8fdc\u8d85\u4eba\u7c7b\u667a\u6167\u7684\u673a\u5668\u7269\u79cd\u5c06\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\uff1a\u67d0\u79cd\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u7535\u8111\u4f1a\u201c\u82cf\u9192\u201d\u5e76\u8d85\u8d8a\u4eba\u7c7b\u667a\u80fd\uff0c\u5927\u578b\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u7528\u6237\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u201c\u82cf\u9192\u201d\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u8d85\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d85\u8d8a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u667a\u6167\u4f53\u5c06\u4f1a\u5728\u672a\u6765\u768430\u5e74\u5185\u4ea7\u751f\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6b64\u4e8b\u4ef6\u79f0\u4e3a\u5947\u70b9\u3002\u5947\u70b9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u65e7\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u88ab\u629b\u5f03\u3001\u65b0\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u5b9e\u4f53\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u5947\u70b9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b83\u4f1a\u4ee5\u8f83\u4e3a\u9690\u6666\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u5ff5\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5e38\u8bc6\u3002\u201d[25]\u6587\u5947\u7684\u9884\u8a00\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5f88\u5feb\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c1997\u5e74\u201c\u6df1\u84dd\u201d\u6218\u80dc\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u56fd\u9645\u8c61\u68cb\u51a0\u519b\u5361\u65af\u5e15\u7f57\u592b\uff0c\u5728\u6bd4\u8d5b\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u300a\u65b0\u95fb\u5468\u520a\u300b\u5c06\u6b64\u6b21\u5bf9\u5f08\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u4eba\u8111\u7684\u6700\u540e\u9632\u7ebf\u201d(The brain’s last stand)\u3002\u5361\u65af\u5e15\u7f57\u592b\u751a\u81f3\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u6df1\u84dd\u201d\u7ecf\u5e38\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u201c\u975e\u5e38\u62df\u4eba\u7684\u5371\u9669\u201d(showing a very human sense of danger)\uff0c\u201c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u2018\u6df1\u84dd\u2019\u5c31\u50cf\u795e\u4e00\u6837\u6765\u638c\u63a7\u68cb\u5c40\u201d\u6216\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u66f4\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7684\u667a\u80fd\uff0c[26]\u4ed6\u751a\u81f3\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u7279\u7ea7\u5927\u5e08\u8eb2\u5728\u201c\u6df1\u84dd\u201d\u80cc\u540e\u5e2e\u5b83\u6311\u9009\u6700\u4f73\u7740\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u6587\u5947\u7684\u201c\u5947\u70b9\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u63d0\u51fa\u540e\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u7acb\u5373\u83b7\u5f97\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5982\u5e93\u5179\u97e6\u5c14\u3002\u5e93\u5179\u97e6\u5c14\u4e8e1990\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u667a\u80fd\u673a\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b(The Age of Intelligent Machines)\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u968f\u7740\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8db3\u591f\u591a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c06\u4f1a\u521b\u9020\u6bd4\u4ed6\u81ea\u8eab\u66f4\u806a\u660e\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53[27]\u3002\u5e93\u5179\u5a01\u5c14\u7684\u63a8\u65ad\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6307\u6570\u7ea7\u589e\u957f\u53ca\u6280\u672f\u7684\u52a0\u901f\u5faa\u73af\u89c4\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000(1)\u8ba1\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6307\u6570\u589e\u957f\u3002\u201c\u5947\u70b9\u201d\u7406\u5ff5\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\u4e07\u80fd\u8bba\u7684\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u6301\u201c\u5947\u70b9\u201d\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u5c06\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u8ba1\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u968f\u7740\u8ba1\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6700\u7ec8\u5c06\u8d85\u8d8a\u4eba\u8111\u3002\u800c20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6469\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e0d\u65ad\u5f97\u4ee5\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0cAI\u754c\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u201c\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u6b63\u5728\u9010\u6b65\u88ab\u514b\u670d\uff0c\u6469\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e0b\u8ba1\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6307\u6570\u7ea7\u589e\u957f\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86AI\u4e0d\u65ad\u63a5\u8fd1\u4eba\u8111\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\u3002\u2461\u201c\u6df1\u84dd\u201d\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6307\u6570\u589e\u957f\u3001\u4f7f\u673a\u5668\u667a\u80fd\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u5f3a\u5e76\u6218\u80dc\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u56fe\u666f\uff1a\u24601985\u5e74\uff0cChipTest(\u6df1\u84dd\u524d\u8eab)\u6bcf\u79d2\u8ba1\u7b975\u4e07\u6b65\uff1b\u24611988\u5e74\uff0cChipTest\u5347\u7ea7\u4e3a\u201c\u6df1\u601d\u201d\uff0c\u6bcf\u79d2\u8ba1\u7b97500000\u4e2a\u5c40\u9762\uff0c\u51fb\u8d25\u4e39\u9ea6\u7279\u7ea7\u5927\u5e08\u62c9\u5c14\u68ee\uff1b\u24621989\u5e74\uff0c\u201c\u6df1\u601d\u201d\u6bcf\u79d2\u8ba1\u7b97200\u4e07\u6b65\uff0c\u4f460\u22362\u8f93\u7ed9\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u51a0\u519b\u5361\u65af\u5e15\u7f57\u592b\uff1b\u24631990\u5e74\uff0c\u201c\u6df1\u601d2.0\u201d\u95ee\u4e16\uff0c\u5728\u4e0e\u524d\u4e16\u754c\u51a0\u519b\u5361\u5c14\u6ce2\u592b\u5bf9\u5c40\u4e2d\u975e\u8f93\u5373\u548c\uff1b\u24641996\u5e74\uff0c\u201c\u6df1\u601d\u201d\u6539\u8fdb\u4e3a\u201c\u6df1\u84dd\u201d\uff0c\u6bcf\u79d2\u53ef\u4ee5\u5904\u74061\u4ebf\u4e2a\u5c40\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4e0e\u5361\u65af\u5e15\u7f57\u592b\u5bf9\u5f08\u4ee52\u22364\u5931\u5229\uff1b\u24651997\u5e74\uff0c\u201c\u6df1\u84dd2.0\u201d\u4ee53.5\u22362.5\u51fb\u8d25\u4e86\u5361\u65af\u5e15\u7f57\u592b\uff0c\u6bcf\u79d2\u53ef\u5206\u67902\u4ebf\u4e2a\u68cb\u6b65\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000(2)\u6280\u672f\u7684\u52a0\u901f\u5faa\u73af\u30021999\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5fc3\u7075\u673a\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b(The Age of Spiritual Machines)\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u5e93\u5179\u5a01\u5c14\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u52a0\u901f\u5faa\u73af\u89c4\u5219\u201d(The Law of Accelerating Returns)\uff1a\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fdb\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u7387\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u6307\u6570\u589e\u957f\u6001\u52bf\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u6b63\u5904\u4e8e\u6280\u672f\u52a0\u901f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u6d6a\u5c16\u4e0a\u3002\u57282001\u5e74\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c[28]\u5e93\u5179\u5a01\u5c14\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c4\u5219\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u66f4\u52a0\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u5316\u5448\u73b0\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u7528\u4ee5\u521b\u9020\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u56de\u8def\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b(\u5982\u8ba1\u7b97)\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u65f6\uff0c\u4fbf\u4f1a\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u90e8\u7f72\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5e76\u5bfc\u81f4\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u6307\u6570\u589e\u957f\uff1b\u4e09\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6280\u672f\u8303\u5f0f\u6f5c\u529b\u8017\u5c3d\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u8303\u5f0f\u8f6c\u79fb\uff0c\u4f7f\u6307\u6570\u589e\u957f\u7ee7\u7eed\u3002\u5e93\u5179\u5a01\u5c14\u9884\u6d4b\u8bf4\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u51e0\u5e74\u91cc\u968f\u7740\u53ef\u8d1f\u62c5\u5f97\u8d77\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5c06\u5b9e\u73b0\u4eba\u7c7b\u667a\u529b\u6c34\u5e73\u673a\u5668\u7684\u521b\u9020\uff0c[29]\u201c\u6280\u672f\u70b9\u6b63\u5728\u4e34\u8fd1\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6700\u7ec8\u53d8\u5f97\u5982\u6b64\u4e4b\u5feb\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u5b83\u4f1a\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u96be\u4ee5\u8ddf\u4e0a\u5176\u53d1\u5c55\u6b65\u4f10\uff0c\u5b83\u6700\u7ec8\u4f1a\u6446\u8131\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u201d[30]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u867d\u7136\u4e00\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u5947\u70b9\u201d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5982MIT\u7684\u8bfa\u59c6\u00b7\u4e54\u59c6\u65af\u57fa\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u79bb\u5efa\u7acb\u4eba\u7c7b\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u673a\u5668\u667a\u80fd\u8fd8\u201c\u9065\u4e0d\u53ef\u53ca\u201d\uff0c\u79f0\u5947\u70b9\u662f\u201c\u79d1\u5e7b\u5c0f\u8bf4\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u5947\u70b9\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u8fd8\u662f\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u7845\u8c37\u4e00\u4e9b\u79d1\u6280\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u5982\u8c37\u6b4c\u7684\u62c9\u91cc\u00b7\u4f69\u5947(Larry Page)\u548c\u8c22\u5c14\u76d6\u00b7\u5e03\u6797(Sergey Brin)\u3001\u652f\u4ed8\u5b9d\u8054\u5408\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u6cf0\u5c14(Peter-Thiel)\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u5404\u754c\u5bf9\u201c\u5947\u70b9\u201d\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u30022000\u5e74\uff0c\u5c24\u5fb7\u8003\u65af\u57fa(Eliezer Yudkowsky)\u7b49\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u201c\u5947\u70b9\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u552f\u4e00\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u5f3aAI\u53ca\u5176\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5e94\u8be5\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u89c2\u5ff5\u5728AI\u754c\u51e0\u4e4e\u88ab\u629b\u5f03\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a8\u52a8\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7814\u7a76\uff0cAI\u754c\u5f80\u5f80\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u8d34\u4e0a\u5176\u4ed6\u6807\u7b7e\uff0c\u5982\u4fe1\u606f\u5b66(informatics)\u3001\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60(machine learning)\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u7cfb\u7edf(knowledge\u2014based systems)\u7b49\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e\u201c\u5e94\u7528\u5f0fAI\u201d\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u5728\u201c\u5e94\u7528\u5f0fAI\u201d\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u201c\u63a9\u62a4\u201d\u4e0b\uff0cAI\u7814\u7a76\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u5728\u6280\u672f\u5de5\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u6570\u636e\u6316\u6398\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u3001\u7269\u6d41\u3001\u8bed\u97f3\u8bc6\u522b\u3001\u94f6\u884c\u8f6f\u4ef6\u3001\u533b\u7597\u8bca\u65ad\u3001\u641c\u7d22\u5f15\u64ce(\u5982\u8c37\u6b4c)\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0cAI\u754c\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6210\u529f\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u592a\u591a\u8363\u8a89\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0cAI\u7684\u6210\u529f\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6e90\u81ea\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u8bb8\u591aAI\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u521b\u65b0\u4ec5\u4ec5\u88ab\u964d\u4f4e\u4e3a\u5de5\u5177\u7bb1\uff0c\u8bb8\u591aAI\u9886\u57df\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u6280\u672f\u5df2\u7ecf\u6e17\u900f\u5230\u666e\u904d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5e38\u5e38\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u51a0\u4ee5\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u8fd9\u4e00\u540d\u53f7\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u65e6\u6709\u4e9b\u5e94\u7528\u53d8\u5f97\u8db3\u591f\u6709\u7528\u4e14\u8db3\u591f\u666e\u904d\uff0c\u5b83\u4fbf\u4e0d\u518d\u88ab\u8d34\u4e0aAI\u6807\u7b7e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u516d\u3001\u201c\u5f3aAI\u98ce\u9669\u8bba\u201d\u6210\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u7126\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e00(2010\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u81f3\u4eca)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u8fdb\u51652010\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6280\u672f\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u8fc5\u901f\u7684\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u5982IBM\u7684Watson\u6218\u80dcJeopardy\u51a0\u519b(2011)\u3001\u804a\u5929\u7a0b\u5e8f\u201c\u5c24\u91d1\u00b7\u53e4\u65af\u7279\u66fc\u201d(Eugene Goostman)\u9996\u6b21\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u201d\u4e86\u56fe\u7075\u6d4b\u8bd5(2014)\uff1b2016\u5e74\uff0c\u8c37\u6b4c\u7684\u56f4\u68cb\u7a0b\u5e8fAlphaGo\u51fb\u8d25\u4e86\u56f4\u68cb\u4e16\u754c\u51a0\u519b\u674e\u4e16\u77f3\uff0c2017\u5e7410\u6708AlphaGo Zero\u4ee5100\u22360\u7684\u6218\u7ee9\u51fb\u8d25\u4e86AlphaGo\uff1b2014\u5e74\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u767e\u5ea6\u3001\u817e\u8baf\u3001\u8c37\u6b4c\u7684\u4eba\u8138\u8bc6\u522b\u7cfb\u7edf\u5747\u5df2\u8d85\u8fc7\u4eba\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6700\u8fd1\u51e0\u5e74\u6240\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4eba\u4eec\u6108\u53d1\u5173\u6ce8\u5f3aAI\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u80a1\u5f3aAI\u4e89\u8bba\u70ed\u6f6e\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6b21\u4e89\u8bba\u70ed\u6f6e\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u518d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5173\u6ce8\u201c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u80fd\u5426\u8d85\u8d8a\u4eba\u7c7b\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u5c06\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u98ce\u9669\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u98ce\u9669\u8bed\u5883\u6765\u53cd\u601d\u201c\u5f3aAI\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u673a\u5668\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5f3aAI\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5f71\u54cd\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u5b58\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5371\u9669\u8981\u7d20\u201d\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u59822014\u5e74\uff0c\u970d\u91d1(Stephen Hawking)\u5728\u89c2\u770b\u4e86\u300a\u8d85\u9a8c\u9a87\u5ba2\u300b\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u300a\u72ec\u7acb\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u4e2d\u8c08\u9053\uff1a\u6210\u529f\u5236\u9020\u51fa\u4e00\u53f0\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u5c06\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u3002[31]\u5728\u9ebb\u7701\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u822a\u7a7a\u822a\u5929\u7cfb2014\u767e\u5e74\u7eaa\u5ff5\u5ea7\u8c08\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f0a\u9686\u00b7\u9a6c\u65af\u514b\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u201c\u968f\u7740\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u53ec\u5524\u6076\u9b54\u201d\u3002DeepMind\u8054\u5408\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u53ca\u7814\u7a76\u603b\u76d1\u83b1\u683c(Shane Legg)\u4e5f\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0cAI\u201c\u5c06\u4f1a\u662f\u672c\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u98ce\u9669\u201d\u3002[32]\u672a\u6765\u751f\u6d3b\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u6717(Stuart Armstrong)\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679cAI\u53d8\u574f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e4895%\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c06\u4f1a\u88ab\u6740\u6b7b\uff0c\u800c\u5269\u4e0b\u76845%\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5f88\u5feb\u88ab\u706d\u7edd\u3002[33]\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u5f3aAI\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u65b0\u7279\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000(1)\u5927\u91cf\u5173\u4e8eAI\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u5a01\u80c1\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u4e66\u7c4d\u3001\u8bba\u6587\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u5982\u7a46\u8c6a\u745f\u5c14(Luke Muehlhauser)\u7684\u300a\u9762\u5bf9\u667a\u80fd\u7206\u70b8\u300b(2013)\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u59c6\u7684\u300a\u8d85\u7ea7\u667a\u80fd\uff1a\u8def\u5f84\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ca\u7b56\u7565\u300b(2014)\u3001\u4e9a\u59c6\u6ce2\u5c14\u57fa(Roman Yampolskiy)\u7684\u300a\u4eba\u5de5\u8d85\u7ea7\u667a\u80fd\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u672a\u6765\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8def\u5f84\u300b(2015)\u7b49\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6ce2\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u59c6\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u5f3aAI\u593a\u6743\u7684\u573a\u666f\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8be6\u7ec6\u5206\u6790\uff1a\u2460\u524d\u4e34\u754c\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a\u4ea7\u751f\u79cd\u5b50\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd(seed AI)\uff0c\u5176\u53d1\u5c55\u521d\u671f\u9700\u8981\u4eba\u7c7b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u5f15\u5bfc\u5176\u53d1\u5c55\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b8c\u6210\u591a\u6570\u7e41\u91cd\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1b\u2461\u9012\u5f52\u6027\u81ea\u6211\u6539\u826f\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9\uff0c\u79cd\u5b50\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u6bd4\u4eba\u7c7b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u66f4\u64c5\u957f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\uff1b\u2462\u79d8\u5bc6\u51c6\u5907\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a\u79cd\u5b50AI\u7b56\u5212\u51fa\u4e00\u5957\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u5176\u957f\u671f\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u7a33\u5065\u8ba1\u5212\uff1b\u2463\u516c\u5f00\u5b9e\u65bd\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u5404\u79cd\u624b\u6bb5(\u5982\u63a7\u5236\u94f6\u884c\uff0c\u8bf4\u670d\u6216\u5a01\u80c1\u653f\u5e9c\u7b49)\u6765\u63a7\u5236\u793e\u4f1a\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u4ee5\u670d\u52a1\u4e8eAI\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000(2)\u5bf9\u5f3aAI\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fdb\u5165\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5927\u91cfAI\u98ce\u9669\u7814\u7a76\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5efa\u7acb\u30022012\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u5b58\u98ce\u9669\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3(Centre for the Study of Existential Risk)\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u80fd\u591f\u5bfc\u81f4\u4eba\u7c7b\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6240\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u672a\u6765\u98ce\u9669\u573a\u666f\uff1b2014\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u672a\u6765\u751f\u6d3b\u7814\u7a76\u6240(Future of Life Institute)\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u4f7fAI\u6280\u672f\u4ee5\u6709\u76ca\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d1\u5c55\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\uff1b2015\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a(Foundation for Responsible Robots\uff0cFRR)\uff0c\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\uff1b2016\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u7684Leverhulme\u667a\u80fd\u672a\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3(The Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence)\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u786e\u4fdd\u4eba\u7c7b\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u672a\u6765\u80fd\u591f\u6700\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5730\u5229\u7528\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6280\u672f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000(3)\u4e0d\u518d\u62d8\u6ce5\u4e8e\u4ece\u7406\u5ff5\u5c42\u9762\u6765\u8ba8\u8bbaAI\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u8d85\u8d8a\u4eba\u7c7b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ece\u5b9e\u8df5\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u5206\u6790\u5982\u4f55\u6cbb\u7406AI\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u5982\uff1a\u2460\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u8d44\u52a9AI\u98ce\u9669\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u9a6c\u65af\u514b\u57282015\u5e741\u6708\u53ca7\u6708\u5206\u522b\u5411\u201c\u672a\u6765\u751f\u547d\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u201d\u6295\u8d441000\u4e07\u3001700\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u652f\u6301\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u8d1f\u9762\u6548\u5e94\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee\uff1b\u2461\u9762\u5411\u5168\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5e03AI\u98ce\u9669\u53ca\u4f26\u7406\u516c\u5f00\u4fe1\u3002\u672a\u6765\u751f\u6d3b\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u4e8e2015\u5e741\u6708\u7684\u201c\u4f18\u5148\u53d1\u5c55\u7a33\u5065\u4e14\u6709\u76ca\u7684AI\uff1a\u4e00\u5c01\u516c\u5f00\u4fe1\u201d\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5e94\u907f\u514dAI\u5a01\u80c1\u5230\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u5b58\uff1b\u2462\u4f01\u4e1a\u5efa\u7acbAI\u4f26\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u786e\u4fddAI\u53d1\u5c55\u80fd\u591f\u7b26\u5408\u4eba\u7c7b\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u59822017\u5e7410\u67083\u65e5\uff0cDeepMind\u5ba3\u5e03\u6210\u7acb\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4f26\u7406\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u90e8\u95e8(DeepMind Ethics & Society)\uff1b\u5fae\u8f6f\u4e8e2018\u5e741\u6708\u6210\u7acbAI\u4f26\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1aAETHER\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u4f01\u4e1a\u6ee5\u7528\u6216\u8fc7\u5ea6\u53d1\u5c55AI\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c2016\u5e749\u6708\uff0cGoogle\u3001Facebook\u3001Amazon\u3001IBM\u3001Microsoft\u7b49\u4f01\u4e1a\u8054\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u5f62\u6210AI\u8054\u76df\uff0c\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u6709\u76ca\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684AI\u8054\u76df\u201d(Partnership on Artificial Intelligence to Benefit People and Society)\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u786e\u4fddAI\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5730\u6709\u76ca\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u3001\u5f62\u6210\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5b9e\u8df5\uff1b\u2463\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002\u5982\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u5b58\u98ce\u9669\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e8e2015\u5e746\u670819\u65e5\u4e3e\u529e\u516c\u5f00\u6f14\u8bb2\u6d3b\u52a8\u201c\u4eba\u7c7b\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\uff1a\u662f\u9690\u73b0\u8fd8\u662f\u6d77\u5e02\u8703\u697c\uff1f\u201d\u2464\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u59822013\u5e744\u6708\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u201c\u6740\u624b\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u7981\u4ee4\u8fd0\u52a8\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000(4)\u867d\u7136\u9694\u9602\u5c24\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u754c(\u5982\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7b49)\u3001AI\u754c\u5f00\u59cb\u8fdb\u884c\u8f83\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u53c2\u4e0e\u5230\u5f3aAI\u98ce\u9669\u76f8\u5173\u8ba8\u8bba\u53ca\u98ce\u9669\u6cbb\u7406\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u3001AI\u754c\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u5c31\u201c\u5f3aAI\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u5b9e\u73b0\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e0e\u673a\u5668\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f62\u6210\u826f\u6027\u4e92\u52a8\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u663e\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u5173\u8005(\u7279\u522b\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u4e0eAI\u754c)\u4e0d\u518d\u6545\u6b65\u81ea\u5c01\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u653b\u8ba6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6027\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u4e92\u52a8\u3002\u59822015\u5e741\u670811\u65e5\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u751f\u6d3b\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u53d1\u5e03\u201c\u4e00\u5c01\u5173\u4e8e\u4f7fAI\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6548\u76ca\u6700\u5927\u5316\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u4fe1\u201d(An open letter on maximizing the societal bene its of AI)\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4f7fAI\u7814\u7a76\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u670d\u52a1\u4eba\u7c7b\u798f\u7949\u3002\u622a\u6b62\u52302016\u5e7410\u670811\u65e5\uff0c\u5df2\u67098749\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u8fd9\u5c01\u516c\u5f00\u4fe1\u4e0a\u7b7e\u5b57\uff0c\u5728\u524d110\u540d\u7b7e\u540d\u8005\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ea670%\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548cAI\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c16%\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u672a\u6765\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c9%\u4e3a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u7b49\u975eAI\u754c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff1b\u800c\u5728\u4e00\u4e9bAI\u98ce\u9669\u7814\u7a76\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001AI\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u3001\u5176\u4ed6\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e5f\u5f80\u5f80\u90fd\u53c2\u4e0e\u5176\u4e2d\u3002\u5982\u672a\u6765\u751f\u6d3b\u7814\u7a76\u6240AI\u7814\u7a76\u5206\u652f\u521b\u7acb\u8005\u5305\u62ec\uff1aSkype\u8054\u5408\u521b\u59cb\u4ebaJaan Tallinn\uff0cMIT\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u6388Max Tegmark\uff0cDeep-Mind AI\u5b89\u5168\u4e13\u5bb6Viktoriya Krakovna\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u6388Anthony Aguirre\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458Meia Chita\u2014Tegmark\uff0c\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u6559\u6388Nick Bostrom\uff0cMIT\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u6388Alan Guth\uff0c\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6Stephen Hawking\uff0c\u827e\u4f26\u8111\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u9996\u5e2d\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6Christof Koch\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6Elon Musk\uff0cIBM\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4e13\u5bb6Francesca Rossi\uff0c\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u5206\u6821\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6Stuart Russell\u7b49\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u751f\u6d3b\u7814\u7a76\u6240AI\u7814\u7a76\u5c0f\u7ec4\u6210\u5458\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001AI\u4e13\u5bb6\u3001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u7b49\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u3001\u9886\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u56e2\u961f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000(5)\u5f3aAI\u9010\u6e10\u8d70\u5165\u201c\u653f\u7b56\u4e4b\u5c4b\u201d\u3002\u9996\u5148\u5e94\u8be5\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6574\u4f53\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f3aAI\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4e00\u822c\u6bd4\u8f83\u4fdd\u5b88\uff0c\u4e14\u5f53\u524d\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u7684AI\u653f\u7b56\u6587\u672c\u91cd\u5f31AI\u6cbb\u7406\u3001\u8f7b\u5f3aAI\u8c03\u63a7\uff0c\u4f46\u8bb8\u591a\u653f\u7b56\u53ca\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6587\u672c\u4e5f\u5f80\u5f80\u6d89\u53ca\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u3002\u5982\u6b27\u76df\u300a\u5c31\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u6c11\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5219\u5411\u6b27\u76df\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u63d0\u51fa\u7acb\u6cd5\u5efa\u8bae\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u8349\u6848\u300b\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u5728\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u8d85\u8d8a\u4eba\u7c7b\u667a\u6167\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5f3aAI\u5e94\u6210\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u8865\u5145\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u66ff\u4ee3\uff0c\u51762016\u5e74\u53d1\u5e03\u300a\u6b27\u76df\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u6c11\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5219\u300b\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u201c\u4e00\u65e6\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u6b65\u4f7f\u5f97\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u7a0b\u5ea6\u9ad8\u4e8e\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u66f4\u65b0\u4fbf\u9700\u8981\u9002\u65f6\u63a8\u51fa\u201d\uff1bIEEE\u7684\u300a\u201c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u51c6\u5219\u201d\u767d\u76ae\u4e66(\u7b2c2\u7248)\u300b\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u63a5\u8fd1\u5e76\u8d85\u8fc7\u901a\u7528\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u65f6\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u9884\u6599\u7684\u6216\u65e0\u610f\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u5c06\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5371\u9669\u4e14\u96be\u4ee5\u7ea0\u6b63\uff1b\u201c\u827e\u65af\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd23\u5b9a\u5f8b\u201d\u4e5f\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5f3aAI\u5e94\u7b26\u5408\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u8d85\u7ea7\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u670d\u52a1\u5e7f\u6cdb\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u81ea\u4e3b\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u5141\u8bb8\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e2d\u65ad\u5176\u6d3b\u52a8\uff1b\u7f8e\u56fd\u6240\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u300a\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u505a\u597d\u51c6\u5907\u300b(Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence)\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u5219\u5f3a\u8c03AI\u5e94\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u6709\u6548\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5176\u884c\u52a8\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u548c\u613f\u671b\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u4e03\u3001\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e0e\u5c55\u671b<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5728\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e89\u8bae\u4e0d\u65ad\u4f46\u5374\u53c8\u4e0d\u65ad\u5f15\u53d1\u4eba\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u6240\u53d1\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u671fAI\u6280\u672f\u81ea\u8eab\u6240\u5185\u542b\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u53ca\u5176\u6f5c\u529b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u805a\u7126\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4ea6\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u5316\u3001\u4eba\u6587\u6587\u5316\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3b\u6d41\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u4e0e\u534f\u8c03\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u5f3aAI\u201d\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5408\u7406\u770b\u5f85\u5176\u6240\u53d1\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u8bb2\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u9700\u8981\u52a0\u5f3a\u5171\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u3000\u3000\u24601965\u5e74\uff0c\u8d39\u6839\u9c8d\u59c6(E.A.Feigenbaum)\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u52d2\u5fb7\u8d1d\u683c(J.Lederberg)\u5408\u4f5c\u7814\u5236\u51fa\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u5bb6\u7cfb\u7edfDENDRAL\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e13\u5bb6\u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u7ee7\u7814\u5236\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5982\u533b\u836f\u4e13\u5bb6\u7cfb\u7edfMYCIN\u3001\u63a2\u77ff\u4e13\u5bb6\u7cfb\u7edfPROSPECTOR\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u2461\u5e93\u5179\u5a01\u5c14\u603b\u7ed3\u4e861971-2011\u5e74\u6469\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u8868\u73b0\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a\u6bcf\u7f8e\u5143\u52a8\u6001RAM\u5b58\u50a8\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u7ffb\u500d\u671f\u4e3a1.5\u5e74\uff1b\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u5e73\u5747\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u51cf\u534a\u671f\u4e3a1.6\u5e74\uff1b\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u5468\u671f\u7684\u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u6210\u672c(Microprocessor Cost per Transistor Cycle)\u7684\u51cf\u534a\u671f\u4e3a1.1\u5e74\uff1b\u603b\u4f4d\u8fd0(Total Bits Shipped)\u7684\u7ffb\u500d\u671f\u4e3a1.1\u5e74\uff1b\u5904\u7406\u5668\u6027\u80fd(MIPS)\u7684\u7ffb\u500d\u671f\u4e3a1.8\u5e74\uff1b\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e2d\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u7ffb\u500d\u671f\u4e3a2.0\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u539f\u6587\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u3000\u3000 [34]PRESTON J,BISHOP M Views into the Chinese room:essays on Searle and artificial intelligence[M].Oxford,UK:Clarendon Press,2002:14-14.<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000 [35]\u5218\u76ca\u4e1c.\u667a\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\uff1a\u81f4\u6bc1\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u589e\u957f\u903c\u8feb\u4e0b\u7684\u79d1\u6280\u8f6c\u578b\u4ea7\u4e1a\u8f6c\u578b\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u8f6c\u578b[M].\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2007\uff1a202-206.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

2019\u5e7407\u670812\u65e5 10:39 \u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u300a\u5c71\u4e1c\u79d1\u6280\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5.\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7248\u300b \u4f5c\u8005 … \u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[112,8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8139","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-112","category-8"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8139","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8139"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8139\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9722,"href":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8139\/revisions\/9722"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8139"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8139"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.anyishequ.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8139"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}