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\u3000\u3000\u503c\u5f97\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u6240\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u201c\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u6027\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u6790\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5982\u4e0b\u6587\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u5171\u8c0b\u73b0\u8c61\u201d\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u6267\u884c\u653f\u7b56\u65f6\u6240\u8868\u73b0\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u5236\u5ea6\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u6e90\u6cc9\u3002\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u8d1f\u9762\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u867d\u7136\u662f\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u6240\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u770b\u5230\u5e76\u4e14\u662f\u529b\u56fe\u514b\u670d\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u4e4b\u5e7f\u3001\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e4b\u6df1\u3001\u8868\u73b0\u4e4b\u516c\u5f00\u3001\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e4b\u575a\u97e7\u5374\u662f\u5c11\u89c1\u7684\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u8f6c\u578b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u653f\u5e9c\u5236\u5ea6\u804c\u80fd\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u548c\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u4e5f\u65e5\u76ca\u7a81\u51fa\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u6108\u6f14\u6108\u70c8\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002\u91cd\u590d\u518d\u73b0\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u5efa\u7b51\u5728\u7a33\u5b9a\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5236\u5ea6\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e0a\u548c\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u73af\u5883\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u4ece\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u5c1d\u8bd5\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u89e3\u91ca\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u547d\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u884c\u653f\u4f53\u5236\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u7684\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u4e86\u7684\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5373\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u6240\u5904\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u7740\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u903b\u8f91\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u201c\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u65b0\u5236\u5ea6\u5b66\u6d3e\uff08Meyer & Rowan,1977\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u5468\u96ea\u5149\uff0c2003\uff09\u3002\u201c\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u201d\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u662f\uff0c\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u884c\u4e3a\u6216\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u88ab\u793e\u4f1a\u6216\u7ec4\u7ec7\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u6709\u5173\u5404\u65b9\u6240\u5e7f\u6cdb\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5177\u6709\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u6216\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff1b\u800c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u673a\u5236\u4fc3\u5c31\u8fd9\u7c7b\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u91cd\u590d\u518d\u751f\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u7684\u5171\u8c0b\u73b0\u8c61\u6070\u5177\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7279\u70b9\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u5927\u591a\u4e0e\u6b63\u5f0f\u653f\u7b56\u6cd5\u4ee4\u7684\u660e\u6587\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u751a\u81f3\u76f8\u6096\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5e94\u4ed8\u3001\u6b3a\u9a97\u3001\u8499\u853d\u4e0a\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u591a\u4ee5\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\uff1b\u4f46\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2a\u522b\u5b98\u5458\u6216\u4e2a\u522b\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6743\u529b\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0b\u516c\u5f00\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ee5\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6743\u5a01\u8f85\u4ee5\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u5927\u5f20\u65d7\u9f13\u5730\u52a0\u4ee5\u90e8\u7f72\u5b89\u6392\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u505a\u6cd5\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u751a\u81f3\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u201c\u5171\u6709\u5e38\u8bc6\u201d(common knowledge)\u3002\u2461 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u4e8c\u3001\u201c\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883<\/strong> <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\uff08collusion\uff0c\u4ea6\u8bd1\u201c\u5408\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u6307\u5728\u975e\u5145\u5206\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5be1\u5934\u5e02\u573a(oligopoly)\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u51e0\u5bb6\u5927\u516c\u53f8\u79d8\u5bc6\u534f\u5546\u5b9a\u4ef7\u3001\u74dc\u5206\u5e02\u573a\u7b49\u8fdd\u53cd\u53cd\u5784\u65ad\u6cd5\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u901a\u5e38\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u6096\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8fdd\u53cd\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u4ee4\u3001\u6709\u788d\u5e02\u573a\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u9690\u853d\u7684\u3001\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a(Tirole,1988)\u3002\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6fc0\u52b1\u5728\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79c1\u4e0b\u534f\u8bae\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u901a\u8fc7\u975e\u7ade\u4e89\u624b\u6bb5\u83b7\u53d6\u8d85\u8fc7\u7ade\u4e89\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u3002\u8fd1\u6765\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u7814\u7a76\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e86\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u79d1\u5c42\u5236\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u5404\u65b9\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5206\u5e03\u3002\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u4fe1\u606f\u4f7f\u5f97\u516c\u53f8\u6240\u6709\u8005\uff08\u59d4\u6258\u65b9\uff09\u65e0\u6cd5\u6709\u6548\u63a7\u5236\u7ecf\u7406\uff08\u76d1\u7763\u65b9\uff09\u548c\u5458\u5de5\uff08\u4ee3\u7406\u65b9\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5171\u8c0b\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u68af\u82e5(Tirole,1986,1992)\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u6a21\u578b\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u5206\u6790\u5728\u59d4\u6258\u2014\u76d1\u7763\u2014\u4ee3\u7406\u4e09\u65b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\uff0c\u76d1\u7763\u65b9\u4e0e\u4ee3\u7406\u65b9\u201c\u5171\u8c0b\u201d\u5e94\u5bf9\u59d4\u6258\u65b9\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u6211\u4eec\u501f\u7528\u68af\u82e5(Tirole,1992)\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5bf9\u672c\u6587\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u4e3a\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u6307\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u5b83\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0a\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u76f8\u4e92\u914d\u5408\uff0c\u91c7\u53d6\u5404\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u5e94\u5bf9\u6765\u81ea\u66f4\u4e0a\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u6cd5\u4ee4\u548c\u68c0\u67e5\u76d1\u7763\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u662f\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u4ee3\u7406\u65b9\uff09\u3001\u5176\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0a\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u76d1\u7763\u65b9\uff09\u548c\u66f4\u4e0a\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u59d4\u6258\u65b9\uff09\u4e09\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6307\u57fa\u5c42\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u9488\u5bf9\u5176\u66f4\u4e0a\u4e00\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0a\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u66f4\u4e0a\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u4e09\u65b9\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u843d\u5b9e\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u7b56\u65f6\uff0c\u7701\u3001\u5e02\u3001\u5730\u3001\u53bf\u7b49\u5404\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\uff1b\u5728\u6267\u884c\u7701\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u6307\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c\u5730\u3001\u5e02\u3001\u53bf\u653f\u5e9c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\uff1b\u800c\u9762\u5bf9\u53bf\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u68c0\u67e5\uff0c\u9547\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u6751\u59d4\u4f1a\u5219\u5c5e\u4e8e\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u53d9\u8ff0\u7684\u65b9\u4fbf\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u201c\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u201d\uff08\u4f5c\u4e3a\u76d1\u7763\u65b9\u548c\u4ee3\u7406\u65b9\u7684\u57fa\u5c42\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\uff09\u5e94\u5bf9\u6765\u81ea\u201c\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u201d\uff08\u59d4\u6258\u65b9\uff09\u7684\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u52a0\u4ee5\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u89c2\u70b9\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u9488\u5bf9\u4e0a\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u3002 <\/p>\n

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\u3000\u3000\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3001\u6fc0\u52b1\u673a\u5236\u8bf8\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e0d\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u53ca\u5176\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u653f\u5e9c\u6539\u9769\u4e2d\u5404\u79cd\u201c\u7406\u6027\u201d\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6240\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u672a\u9884\u671f\u7684\u540e\u679c(unintended consequences)\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u6790\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u7ec4\u7ec7\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u6096\u8bba\u6765\u6982\u62ec\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u653f\u7b56\u4e00\u7edf\u6027\u4e0e\u6267\u884c\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6096\u8bba\uff1b\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u6fc0\u52b1\u5f3a\u5ea6\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u6096\u8bba\uff1b\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u79d1\u5c42\u5236\u5ea6\u975e\u4eba\u683c\u5316\u4e0e\u884c\u653f\u5173\u7cfb\u4eba\u7f18\u5316\u7684\u6096\u8bba\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u56f4\u7ed5\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u5206\u6790\u548c\u8ba8\u8bba\u5bfc\u81f4\u5171\u8c0b\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u903b\u8f91\u3002 <\/p>\n

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\u3000\u3000\u5728\u89c4\u6a21\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0a\u7ea7\u90e8\u95e8\u901a\u8fc7\u884c\u653f\u6307\u4ee4\uff08\u6216\u653f\u7b56\uff09\u7684\u673a\u5236\u6307\u5bfc\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u90e8\u7f72\u4ee5\u5b9e\u65bd\u5176\u7ec4\u7ec7\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5404\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u79d1\u5c42\u5236\u4f53\u5236\uff0c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u6709\u7740\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u884c\u653f\u96b6\u5c5e\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f46\u8d8a\u7ea7\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u6216\u5e73\u7ea7\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u6784\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u884c\u653f\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u7ea7\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e3b\u8981\u5411\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0a\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u8d1f\u8d23\uff1b\u800c\u6765\u81ea\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0a\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u653f\u7b56\u6cd5\u4ee4\u548c\u5e73\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u6784\u7684\u5f80\u6765\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u505a\u662f\u5b83\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u73af\u5883\u538b\u529b\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u4e0a\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u653f\u7b56\u6cd5\u89c4\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u90e8\u7f72\u3002\u81ea20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u8d22\u653f\u8d44\u6e90\u5411\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u96c6\u6743\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5927\u5927\u5f3a\u5316\u3002\u201c\u53f7\u4ee4\u81ea\u4e2d\u592e\u51fa\u201d\u6210\u4e3a\u8bf1\u53d1\u5404\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u3002 <\/p>\n

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\u3000\u3000\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\u5206\u6790\u7684\u65b9\u4fbf\u800c\u63d0\u70bc\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u7406\u60f3\u7c7b\u522b\u201d(ideal type)\u3002\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u5229\u76ca\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u524d\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u8005\u5141\u8bb8\u751a\u81f3\u9f13\u52b1\u7684\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62\u4ece\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u8005\u6765\u770b\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ece\u6267\u884c\u8005\u548c\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0a\u7ea7\uff08\u4ee3\u7406\u65b9\u548c\u76d1\u7763\u65b9\uff09\u751a\u81f3\u793e\u4f1a\u5229\u76ca\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002\u2464\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62\u4ece\u653f\u7b56\u610f\u56fe\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5229\u76ca\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u6b63\u5f0f\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6240\u529b\u56fe\u675c\u7edd\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u8fd0\u884c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62\u5e38\u5e38\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u7ec7\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u660e\u6670\u5206\u8fa8\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8ffd\u9010\u79c1\u5229\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e5f\u5e38\u5e38\u6253\u7740\u6267\u884c\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5e4c\u5b50\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u653f\u7b56\u6267\u884c\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5404\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u4ea4\u7ec7\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u67d0\u9547\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b8c\u6210\u4e0a\u7ea7\u90e8\u95e8\u90e8\u7f72\u7684\u6751\u6751\u901a\u4fee\u8def\u5de5\u7a0b\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6751\u59d4\u4f1a\u56e0\u8d44\u91d1\u4e0d\u8db3\u800c\u514b\u6263\u9000\u8015\u8fd8\u6797\u90e8\u5206\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u91d1\u65f6\u4e5f\u6709\u6751\u5e72\u90e8\u8d81\u673a\u4e2d\u9971\u79c1\u56ca\u3002\u5f53\u4e0a\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u8ffd\u67e5\u4e0b\u6765\u65f6\uff0c\u53bf\u3001\u9547\u3001\u6751\u5e72\u90e8\u901a\u8fc7\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u6765\u63a9\u76d6\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ece\u53bf\u653f\u5e9c\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6751\u6751\u901a\u5de5\u7a0b\u9700\u8981\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u4f46\u6751\u59d4\u4f1a\u65e0\u529b\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u4ed6\u6e20\u9053\u7b79\u63aa\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u632a\u7528\u9000\u8015\u8fd8\u6797\u90e8\u5206\u8d44\u91d1\u6765\u8fbe\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff1b\u4ece\u9547\u653f\u5e9c\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u632a\u7528\u8d44\u91d1\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u5de5\u7a0b\uff0c\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4e0a\u7ea7\u4ea4\u7ed9\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u4e3a\u9547\u653f\u5e9c\u51fa\u4e86\u653f\u7ee9\uff0c\u51cf\u8f7b\u4e86\u5de5\u4f5c\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u9f13\u52b1\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u597d\u4e8b\uff1b\u800c\u4ece\u6751\u653f\u5e9c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0a\u9a6c\u4fee\u8def\u3001\u4e3a\u6c11\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u4e14\u7531\u6b64\u5f97\u5230\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e2a\u4eba\u597d\u5904\u662f\u4e8e\u516c\u4e8e\u79c1\u90fd\u6709\u76ca\u5904\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u96be\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62\u540c\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4e92\u4e3a\u4ea4\u7ec7\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e25\u683c\u5904\u7406\u6751\u5e72\u90e8\u79c1\u81ea\u632a\u7528\u8d44\u91d1\u5219\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4fee\u8def\u5de5\u7a0b\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u4e0a\u7ea7\u4efb\u52a1\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u6751\u96c6\u4f53\u9677\u5165\u762b\u75ea\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u96be\u5224\u65ad\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5229\u5f0a\u53d6\u820d\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u67d0\u79cd\u7406\u6027\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4f7f\u5f97\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62\u533a\u522b\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u201c\u53bb\u83a0\u5b58\u826f\u201d\uff0c\u575a\u6301\u201c\u597d\u7684\u201d\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u800c\u6448\u5f03\u201c\u574f\u7684\u201d\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u5462\uff1f\u4ece\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5206\u6790\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u96be\u4ee5\u505a\u5230\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u501f\u7528\u5a01\u5ec9\u59c6\u65af(Williamson,1985)\u7684\u201c\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u5e72\u9884\u201d(selective intervention)\u547d\u9898\u6765\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u79d1\u5c42\u5236\u4e0d\u540c\u673a\u5236\u5e76\u5b58\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u59d4\u6258\u65b9\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u4efb\u610f\u9009\u62e9\u5e02\u573a\u673a\u5236\u6216\u79d1\u5c42\u5236\u673a\u5236\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u5236\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u517c\u5bb9\u7684\uff08\u8d1d\u514b\u3001\u5409\u672c\u65af\u548c\u58a8\u83f2\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u601d\u8def\u6a21\u578b\u5316\u4e86\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Baker et al.,2001\uff09\u3002\u5176\u95f4\u7684\u9053\u7406\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u673a\u5236\u6709\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6fc0\u52b1\uff0c\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5404\u7c7b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u6fc0\u52b1\u673a\u5236\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u517c\u5bb9\u7684\u3002\u67d0\u4e00\u673a\u5236\u4e00\u65e6\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u6392\u65a5\u4e0d\u517c\u5bb9\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u673a\u5236\uff1b\u800c\u4e0d\u540c\u673a\u5236\u7684\u4efb\u610f\u66ff\u4ee3\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u5185\u90e8\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e94\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0a\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u201c\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6b6a\u66f2\u6267\u884c\u201d\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u8fdb\u884c\u201c\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u5e72\u9884\u201d\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5236\u5ea6\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5141\u8bb8\u201c\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u201d\u7684\u673a\u5236\u610f\u5473\u7740\u9f13\u52b1\u6267\u884c\u4eba\u5458\u53d1\u6325\u4e3b\u89c2\u80fd\u52a8\u6027\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u5bfb\u627e\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u9009\u62d4\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u70b9\u7684\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u6fc0\u52b1\u673a\u5236\u9f13\u52b1\u8fd9\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u63d0\u4f9b\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u505a\u6cd5\u6210\u4e3a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5e38\u89c4(routine)\u5e76\u5f97\u4ee5\u4fdd\u5b58\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e34\u65f6\u5236\u6b62\u201c\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u201d\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u201c\u6b6a\u66f2\u6267\u884c\u201d\u7684\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u5e72\u9884\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5df2\u6709\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u5f0f\u3001\u5171\u4eab\u8ba4\u77e5\u3001\u6fc0\u52b1\u673a\u5236\u7b49\u8bf8\u65b9\u9762\u4e0d\u517c\u5bb9\u3002\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u4ea4\u7ec7\u878d\u5408\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u5728\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5c06\u653f\u7b56\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u5408\u7406\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u4e0e\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u6027\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e25\u683c\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u201c\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u5e72\u9884\u201d\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u65e0\u6cd5\u6709\u6548\u5b9e\u65bd\u3002\u5f53\u4e0a\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u9ed8\u8bb8\u4e0b\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u6b64\u65f6\u6b64\u5730\u901a\u8fc7\u632a\u7528\u8d44\u6e90\u5b8c\u6210\u5b83\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u201c\u91cd\u8981\u4efb\u52a1\u201d\uff0c\u4fbf\u4ea6\u5728\u65e0\u610f\u95f4\u540c\u65f6\u9ed8\u8bb8\u4e0b\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u5f7c\u65f6\u5f7c\u5730\u4ee5\u540c\u6837\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b8c\u6210\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u91cd\u8981\u4efb\u52a1\u201d\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u653f\u7b56\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u63d0\u4f9b\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u2465 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u79cd\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u6e0a\u6e90\u6765\u81ea\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u8fd0\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u827e\u4e91(2008)\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u8ba1\u751f\u653f\u7b56\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5404\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u540c\u65f6\u626e\u6f14\u7740\u201c\u68c0\u67e5\u8005\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u88ab\u68c0\u67e5\u8005\u201d\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u5f53\u53bf\u8ba1\u751f\u5c40\u5e94\u5bf9\u6765\u81ea\u7701\u5e02\u4e0a\u7ea7\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u68c0\u67e5\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u88ab\u68c0\u67e5\u8005\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u4e0e\u9547\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u6751\u59d4\u4f1a\u4e00\u8d77\u53c2\u4e0e\u201c\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\uff1b\u800c\u5f53\u53bf\u8ba1\u751f\u5c40\u68c0\u67e5\u4e0b\u7ea7\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u6279\u5b98\u5458\u5219\u626e\u6f14\u7740\u201c\u68c0\u67e5\u8005\u201d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd9\u79cd\u89d2\u8272\u8f6c\u6362\u5e38\u5e38\u5728\u4e00\u591c\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5404\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u8eab\u5904\u53cc\u91cd\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u6df1\u8c19\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6e38\u620f\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5176\u53cc\u91cd\u89d2\u8272\u53c2\u4e0e\u672c\u8eab\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e86\u201c\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5373\u5404\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u548c\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e5f\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff1a\u4ece\u6b63\u5f0f\u884c\u653f\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u8fd0\u4f5c\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u540c\u8c0b\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b\u800c\u79d1\u5c42\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u5ea6\u4e5f\u968f\u4e4b\u88ab\u5f31\u5316\u4e86\uff0c\u4eba\u7f18\u5316\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u8272\u8f6c\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f97\u4ee5\u540c\u5316\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5e7f\u4e3a\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u57fa\u7840\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u653f\u7b56\u4e00\u7edf\u6027\u4e0e\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5b66\u6096\u8bba\uff1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u7b56\u8d8a\u660e\u786e\u4e00\u7edf\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u5b9e\u9645\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u5c31\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u653f\u7b56\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0e\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5206\u79bb\u5c31\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u5176\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5c31\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8d8a\u5141\u8bb8\u7075\u6d3b\u5e94\u53d8\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u653f\u7b56\u4e00\u7edf\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u9690\u542b\u4e86\u6267\u884c\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6839\u636e\uff1b\u800c\u6267\u884c\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u540c\u65f6\u4e3a\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u7684\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4ece\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u65e5\u5e38\u5de5\u4f5c\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u4e0e\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u540c\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u6807\u7b7e\u4e0b\u7684\u540c\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5f53\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4fbf\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff1b\u800c\u5f53\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u5f3a\u529b\u63a8\u884c\u5176\u653f\u7b56\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u5219\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u8d2f\u5f7b\u653f\u7b56\u6240\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u4ee5\u9690\u853d\u7684\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u65b9\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u5171\u8c0b\u73b0\u8c61\u5e94\u8fd0\u800c\u751f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6096\u8bba\u4e3a\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4fc3\u5c31\u4e86\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u547d\u9898\u6982\u62ec\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u4e00\u7edf\u6027\u4e0e\u6267\u884c\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6096\u8bba\uff1a\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u4e00\u7edf\u6027\u8d8a\u5f3a\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e\u57fa\u5c42\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6ce8\u5165\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u5c31\u4f1a\u8d8a\u5927\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u4fbf\u8d8a\u5927\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u4e00\u903b\u8f91\u8fd8\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\uff1a\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u5c42\u6b21\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u5173\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u8d8a\u8fdc\uff0c\u5176\u4e00\u7edf\u6027\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u8d44\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u6e20\u9053\u8d8a\u72ed\u5c0f\uff08\u5982\u7531\u67d0\u4e00\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u7ba1\u8f96\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4e00\u7edf\u6027\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0e\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5206\u79bb\u5c31\u4f1a\u8d8a\u5927\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u51fa\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u547d\u9898\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u6e20\u9053\u8d8a\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u653f\u7b56\u6267\u884c\u7684\u94fe\u6761\u8d8a\u957f\uff0c\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6ce8\u5165\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u8d8a\u5927\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u57fa\u5c42\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u4fbf\u8d8a\u5f3a\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u6fc0\u52b1\u5f3a\u5ea6\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u6096\u8bba<\/strong> <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u6267\u884c\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u4e3a\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u653f\u5e9c\u5236\u5ea6\u6539\u9769\u4e2d\u5f3a\u5316\u6fc0\u52b1\u673a\u5236\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u5219\u662f\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u6539\u9769\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u5f3a\u5316\u5bf9\u5e72\u90e8\u653f\u7ee9\u7684\u8003\u6838\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u6fc0\u52b1\u5f3a\u5ea6\uff0c\u8bf1\u5bfc\u6fc0\u52b1\u671f\u5f85\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e0e\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u610f\u56fe\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6fc0\u52b1\u673a\u5236\u5e38\u5e38\u6ca1\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u5176\u9884\u671f\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u751a\u800c\u9002\u5f97\u5176\u53cd\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6539\u9769\u4e3e\u63aa\u4e2d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e9b\u6fc0\u52b1\u673a\u5236\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fd0\u884c\u903b\u8f91\u4e0d\u7b26\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u76f8\u4e92\u95f4\u4e0d\u517c\u5bb9\u751a\u81f3\u51b2\u7a81\uff1b\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77db\u76fe\u51b2\u7a81\u9020\u5c31\u4e86\u4e0e\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u7b56\u76f8\u6096\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u5171\u540c\u4f53\uff0c\u4e3a\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5229\u76ca\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u76ee\u6807\u88ab\u57fa\u5c42\u5b98\u5458\u5207\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u76ee\u6807\u6240\u66ff\u4ee3\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u6fc0\u52b1\u5f3a\u5ea6\u4e0e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u76ee\u6807\u66ff\u4ee3\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6096\u8bba\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u5206\u6790\u8fd9\u7c7b\u73b0\u8c61\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e86\u201c\u76ee\u6807\u66ff\u4ee3\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u7c73\u6b47\u5c14\u65af(Michels,1968)\u5728\u7814\u7a7620\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u52b3\u5de5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u515a\u6d3e\u65f6\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a\u8bb8\u591a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u8fd0\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u7531\u4e8e\u79cd\u79cd\u539f\u56e0\u80cc\u79bb\u5176\u539f\u5b9a\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u76ee\u6807\u800c\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e0e\u539f\u76ee\u6807\u4e0d\u540c\u751a\u81f3\u76f8\u6096\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u76ee\u6807\u66ff\u4ee3\u201d(goal displacement)\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ec4\u7ec7\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u97e6\u4f2f(Weber,1946)\u4e5f\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u79d1\u5c42\u5236\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f62\u5f0f\u6709\u7740\u804c\u8d23\u5206\u660e\u3001\u6309\u89c4\u7ae0\u5236\u5ea6\u529e\u4e8b\u7b49\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7406\u6027\u76ee\u6807\uff1b\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u79d1\u5c42\u5236\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6f14\u5316\u6210\u4ee5\u81ea\u6211\u751f\u5b58\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8bbe\u8ba1\u521d\u8877\u7684\u7406\u6027\u76ee\u6807\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u672c\u6587\u6240\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u7684\u5171\u8c0b\u73b0\u8c61\u6b63\u662f\u76ee\u6807\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a81\u51fa\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u5373\u5171\u8c0b\u8005\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e94\u5bf9\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4ee5\u65b0\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u6765\u66ff\u4ee3\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u539f\u76ee\u6807\uff1b\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u76ee\u6807\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u975e\u6cd5\u6027\u8bf1\u53d1\u4e86\u9690\u853d\u7684\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u8ba1\u751f\u68c0\u67e5\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u6807\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0d\u662f\u96c6\u4e2d\u7cbe\u529b\u843d\u5b9e\u597d\u6709\u5173\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u505a\u5047\u3001\u53d8\u901a\u6765\u5e94\u4ed8\u4e0a\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u68c0\u67e5\u3002\u5b89\u5168\u4e8b\u6545\u53d1\u751f\u540e\uff0c\u63a9\u76d6\u4e8b\u6545\u771f\u76f8\u6210\u4e3a\u5f53\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u9996\u8981\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u67e5\u627e\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6709\u6548\u89e3\u51b3\u548c\u9884\u9632\u7c7b\u4f3c\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u89e3\u91ca\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u76ee\u6807\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u653f\u5e9c\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u8003\u6838\u673a\u5236\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4fc3\u5c31\u4e86\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u5f62\u6210\u5229\u76ca\u5171\u540c\u4f53\uff0c\u4e3a\u5404\u65b9\u7ef4\u62a4\u5171\u540c\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u53c2\u4e0e\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u76ee\u6807\u66ff\u4ee3\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u653f\u5e9c\u6539\u9769\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4e3e\u63aa\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u89c4\u8303\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u8c03\u52a8\u5176\u79ef\u6781\u6027\u7684\u6fc0\u52b1\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u76ee\u6807\u8d23\u4efb\u5236\u548c\u5956\u60e9\u5206\u660e\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u66f4\u4e3a\u5177\u4f53\u53ef\u6d4b\u7684\u6307\u6807\u548c\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u653f\u7b56\u843d\u5b9e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u8d70\u6837\u504f\u5dee\u5bfc\u81f4\u76ee\u6807\u5931\u843d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6fc0\u52b1\u5236\u5ea6\u6709\u7740\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u7279\u70b9\uff1a(1)\u8bb8\u591a\u653f\u7b56\u6709\u7740\u660e\u786e\u53ef\u6d4b\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8ba1\u751f\u653f\u7b56\u5728\u67d0\u53bf\u7684\u8d2f\u5f7b\u843d\u5b9e\u88ab\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a300\u5206\uff0c\u4ece\u51fa\u751f\u7387\u5230\u62a5\u8868\u4e0a\u5899\uff0c\u65b9\u65b9\u9762\u9762\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u81f3\u3002(2)\u6fc0\u52b1\u673a\u5236\u6709\u7740\u660e\u786e\u7684\u201c\u8fde\u5e26\u5236\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u65e6\u51fa\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8ffd\u7a76\u6709\u5173\u4e0a\u7ea7\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002(3)\u201c\u6fc0\u52b1\u529b\u5ea6\u201d\u5927\u5927\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8ba1\u751f\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u201c\u4e00\u7968\u5426\u51b3\u201d\u89c4\u5b9a\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e00\u65e6\u8fd9\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u51fa\u73b0\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5176\u5177\u4f53\u8d1f\u8d23\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u4e3b\u7ba1\u9886\u5bfc\u53ca\u4e0a\u4e00\u7ea7\u9886\u5bfc\u90fd\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5904\u7f5a\u3002\u4ece\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6fc0\u52b1\u673a\u5236\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u901a\u8fc7\u63d0\u9ad8\u8fdd\u89c4\u7684\u6210\u672c\uff08\u6fc0\u52b1\u529b\u5ea6\uff09\u3001\u6d4b\u91cf\u51c6\u786e\u6027\uff08\u5177\u4f53\u6307\u6807\uff09\u548c\u8d23\u4efb\u843d\u5b9e\uff08\u8fde\u5e26\u673a\u5236\uff09\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u7b56\u843d\u5b9e\u6267\u884c\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u6fc0\u52b1\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8bf1\u5bfc\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6fc0\u52b1\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0d\u5f53\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e0e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u76ee\u6807\u76f8\u6096\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u6709\u6548\u6fc0\u52b1\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u524d\u63d0\u662f\uff0c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6fc0\u52b1\u4e0e\u4eba\u4eec\u7ec4\u7ec7\u884c\u4e3a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6709\u7740\u6df1\u5165\u4e86\u89e3\u3002\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5b66\u5bb6\u514b\u5c14(Kerr,1975)\u9610\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e00\u547d\u9898\u9053\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5bf9\u884c\u4e3aA\u63d0\u4f9b\u6fc0\u52b1\uff0c\u800c\u671f\u5f85\u5f97\u5230\u884c\u4e3aB\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u5341\u5206\u611a\u8822\u7684\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u5728\u6709\u5173\u6fc0\u52b1\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u59a8\u5f15\u7528\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7c73\u5c14\u683c\u7f57\u59c6\u548c\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279(Milgrom & Robert,1992)\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u6709\u5173\u6fc0\u52b1\u5f3a\u5ea6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u662f\u8981\u8003\u8651\u201c\u5458\u5de5\u52aa\u529b\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u4ea7\u51fa\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5458\u5de5\u65e0\u8bba\u600e\u6837\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u90fd\u96be\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u5176\u4ea7\u51fa\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u6fc0\u52b1\u5f3a\u5ea6\u53ea\u80fd\u8bf1\u5bfc\u5458\u5de5\u901a\u8fc7\u4f5c\u5047\u6765\u8fbe\u5230\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u9884\u671f\u3002\u6fc0\u52b1\u5f3a\u5ea6\u7684\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u662f\uff0c\u6fc0\u52b1\u5f3a\u5ea6\u5e94\u8be5\u4e0e\u201c\u6d4b\u91cf\u8868\u73b0\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u201d\u6210\u6b63\u6bd4\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u653f\u7ee9\u8868\u73b0\u96be\u4ee5\u51c6\u786e\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u6fc0\u52b1\u5f3a\u5ea6\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u8bf1\u4f7f\u5176\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e0e\u4e0a\u7ea7\u4e3b\u7ba1\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u89c4\u907f\u4ed5\u9014\u98ce\u9669\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u4ee5\u6b64\u501f\u9274\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u6fc0\u52b1\u673a\u5236\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0d\u5f53\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e8b\u4e0e\u613f\u8fdd\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002\u5982\u5468\u96ea\u5149(2005)\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u664b\u5347\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\u6709\u5173\u653f\u7ee9\u8003\u6838\u7684\u6fc0\u52b1\u673a\u5236\u4e3a\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u5411\u4e0b\u652b\u53d6\u8d44\u6e90\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u5171\u8c0b\u73b0\u8c61\u5982\u51fa\u4e00\u8f99\uff1a\u9762\u5bf9\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u6fc0\u52b1\uff08\u60e9\u7f5a\uff09\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u6765\u5e94\u5bf9\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0a\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u5236\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u65f6\u6025\u4e8e\u51fa\u653f\u7ee9\u800c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e0d\u5207\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5728\u5236\u5b9a\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u4e0b\u8fbe\u4efb\u52a1\u65f6\u6ca1\u6709\u8003\u8651\u5230\u6267\u884c\u7684\u6210\u672c\u548c\u56f0\u96be\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u4fbf\u6613\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u6709\u4f4d\u8857\u9053\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u5c31\u66fe\u89c2\u5bdf\u9053\uff1a <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u8fc7\u53bb\u51fa\u53f0\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u7b56\u524d\u8981\u8bd5\u70b9\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u4e0a\u7ea7\u9886\u5bfc\u90fd\u6025\u4e8e\u51fa\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u51fa\u653f\u7ee9\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u8bd5\u70b9\u5b8c\u6210\u5c31\u6025\u4e8e\u5168\u9762\u63a8\u5e7f\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u4e0e\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u5dee\u522b\u5f88\u5927\u2026\u2026\u6211\u4eec\u65e5\u5e38\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cc\u8981\u9762\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u6700\u4e3a\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u662f\u4f60\u7684\u4e0a\u7ea7\u7ed9\u4f60\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u4e0d\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u6309\u62cd\u8111\u888b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u505a\u4e8b\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u9886\u5bfc\u8ba9\u4f603\u5929\u4e4b\u5185\u7ed9\u4ed6\u6458\u4e0b\u6708\u4eae\u6765\uff01\u4ed6\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4f60\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u505a\u5230\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4f60\u7ed9\u4ed6\u529e\u6210\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u7ed9\u4f60\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4e0d\u542c\u4f60\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u4ed6\u53ea\u8981\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6216\u8005\u4f60\u662f\u600e\u6837\u505a\u7684\u3002\uff08\u8bbf\u8c08\u8bb0\u5f55G0515\uff09 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f3a\u5927\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\uff0c\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u88ab\u8feb\u91c7\u53d6\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u7cca\u5f04\u4e0a\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u6216\u91c7\u53d6\u5176\u4ed6\u624b\u6bb5\u3001\u901a\u8fc7\u632a\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u8d44\u6e90\u5b8c\u6210\u4efb\u52a1\uff1b\u800c\u632a\u7528\u8d44\u6e90\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8fdd\u89c4\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bf1\u53d1\u4e86\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u63a9\u76d6\u4e4b\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u60e9\u7f5a\u5931\u8bef\u7684\u6fc0\u52b1\u673a\u5236\u8bf1\u53d1\u4e86\u4e0e\u9884\u671f\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u8bf1\u53d1\u4e86\u76ee\u6807\u66ff\u4ee3\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ec4\u7ec7\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u82e5\u5e72\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u5e72\u90e8\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff1a <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u8ba1\u5212\u751f\u80b2\uff0c\u4e00\u7968\u5426\u51b3\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u505a\u597d\uff0c\u9547\u3001\u533a\u3001\u5e02\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5de5\u4f5c\u90fd\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u5982\u679c\u505a\u5f97\u592a\u597d\u4e86\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u884c\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u9547\u7ba1\u8ba1\u5212\u751f\u80b2\u7684\u4e13\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u591f\u7528\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u96c7\u7528\u4e8620\u591a\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u8d22\u653f\u62e8\u6b3e\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u9760\u7f5a\u6b3e\u517b\u6d3b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8ba1\u5212\u751f\u80b2\u505a\u5f97\u592a\u597d\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7f5a\u6b3e\uff0c\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u517b\u6d3b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e86\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7136\u5e73\u8861\u70b9\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u603b\u6709\u4e24\u4e09\u4e2a\u8fdd\u7ae0\u7684\uff0c\u7f5a\u4e2a\u4e8c\u4e09\u5341\u4e07\uff0c\u6b63\u597d\u591f\u517b\u6d3b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u3002\uff08\u8bbf\u8c08\u8bb0\u5f55G0520\uff09 <\/p>\n

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\u3000\u3000\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u79d1\u5c42\u5236\u5ea6\u975e\u4eba\u683c\u5316\u4e0e\u884c\u653f\u5173\u7cfb\u4eba\u7f18\u5316\u7684\u6096\u8bba<\/strong> <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5728\u89c2\u5bdf\u601d\u8003\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u5171\u8c0b\u73b0\u8c61\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4eba\u56f0\u60d1\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff1a\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u6784\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u6709\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u6cd5\u4ee4\u6cd5\u89c4\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\u5b9e\u65bd\u3001\u653f\u7b56\u843d\u5b9e\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u7ec6\u5219\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u7d20\u8d28\u7b49\u90fd\u6709\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u4f46\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5171\u8c0b\u73b0\u8c61\u5374\u672a\u56e0\u6b64\u660e\u663e\u6539\u89c2\u3002\u97e6\u4f2f(Weber,1946)\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u79d1\u5c42\u5236\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u975e\u4eba\u683c\u5316(impersonal)\uff0c\u5373\u6309\u7ae0\u529e\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e0d\u82df\u79c1\u60c5\u3002\u6309\u8bf4\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u89c4\u7ae0\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u9881\u5e03\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u8003\u6838\u6307\u6807\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6b63\u5f0f\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u5e94\u63d0\u9ad8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u4f5c\u7528\u3001\u524a\u5f31\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u7684\u4eba\u4e3a\u504f\u5dee\u5e76\u9010\u6e10\u6210\u4e3a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6d41\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u51cf\u7f13\u7f29\u5c0f\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5374\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u884c\u653f\u5173\u7cfb\u4eba\u7f18\u5316\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u8fd0\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u95f4\u7684\u4ea4\u5f80\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u901a\u8fc7\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u5173\u7cfb\u2014\u2014\u4eba\u7f18\u5316\u53ca\u5176\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u7edc\u2014\u2014\u7ecf\u8425\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff1b\u5404\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u82b1\u5927\u529b\u6c14\u7ecf\u8425\u4e0e\u4e0a\u7ea7\u90e8\u95e8\u9886\u5bfc\u3001\u540c\u7ea7\u540c\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5404\u4e2a\u5408\u4f5c\u5355\u4f4d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5947\u602a\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u6cd5\u89c4\u6761\u4ee4\u3001\u6b63\u5f0f\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\u4e0d\u65ad\u51fa\u53f0\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u7ebd\u5e26\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65ad\u5ef6\u4f38\u5f3a\u5316\uff1b\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a33\u5b9a\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e3a\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u5236\u5ea6\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u79d1\u5c42\u5236\u5ea6\u975e\u4eba\u683c\u5316\u4e0e\u884c\u653f\u5173\u7cfb\u4eba\u7f18\u5316\u8fd9\u4e00\u6096\u8bba\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b83\u4e0e\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u5171\u8c0b\u73b0\u8c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7814\u7a76\u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6709\u7740\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u5730\u4f4d\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u6709\u7740\u4e0e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6210\u5458\u95f4\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u5173\u7cfb\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u5177\u6709\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u7684\u7279\u70b9(universalism)\uff0c\u5373\u516c\u4e8b\u516c\u529e\uff0c\u6309\u5236\u5ea6\u529e\u4e8b\uff1b\u800c\u540e\u8005\u9690\u542b\u7740\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u5173\u7cfb(particularism)\uff0c\u5373\u6210\u5458\u95f4\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u56e0\u5176\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u800c\u8fe5\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\uff08\u5982\u670b\u53cb\u3001\u540c\u5b66\u3001\u719f\u4eba\uff09\u4e3a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u5173\u7cfb\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u5dee\u5e8f\u683c\u5c40\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\uff08\u8d39\u5b5d\u901a\uff0c1998\uff09\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u5e94\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u6709\u7740\u540c\u65f6\u5e76\u5b58\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u6709\u65f6\u662f\u76f8\u8f85\u76f8\u6210\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u5236\u5ea6\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5458\u5de5\u95f4\u7684\u878d\u6d3d\u548c\u8c10\uff0c\u51cf\u8f7b\u6b63\u5f0f\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u5de5\u4f5c\u6548\u7387\uff1b\u4f46\u6709\u65f6\u4e24\u8005\u4e92\u4e3a\u5bf9\u7acb\uff1a\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u5236\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6743\u5a01\u76f8\u6096\u7684\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u524a\u5f31\u6b63\u5f0f\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u5173\u7cfb\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u548c\u4f5c\u7528\u56e0\u4e0d\u540c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u73af\u5883\u800c\u5f02\uff0c\u5176\u4f5c\u7528\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6765\u8bf4\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5927\u76f8\u5f84\u5ead\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u505a\u5177\u4f53\u5206\u6790\u3002 <\/p>\n

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\u3000\u3000\u4e09\u3001\u7ed3\u675f\u8bed\uff1a\u91cd\u65b0\u8ba4\u8bc6\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u7684\u201c\u5171\u8c0b\u73b0\u8c61\u201d<\/strong> <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u672c\u6587\u4ece\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5b66\u89d2\u5ea6\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u5e94\u5bf9\u4e0a\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u7b56\u6307\u4ee4\u6240\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u7c7b\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\u5206\u6790\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u201c\u5171\u8c0b\u73b0\u8c61\u201d\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u6216\u7ec4\u7ec7\u95f4\u5747\u6709\u4f53\u73b0\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u7684\u5171\u8c0b\u73b0\u8c61\u6709\u5176\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u57fa\u7840\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u5171\u8c0b\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u95f4\u5171\u8c0b\u73b0\u8c61\u5bf9\u6bd4\u5206\u6790\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u6709\u7740\u4e24\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u4f7f\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u5404\u65b9\u6709\u5229\u53ef\u56fe\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5171\u8c0b\u7684\u9690\u6027\u5408\u540c(side contract)\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u7684\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u88ab\u63ed\u9732\u4ece\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u5904\u7f5a\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u4e0d\u5927\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6709\u5173\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u5927\u591a\u96c6\u4e2d\u5173\u6ce8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u8106\u5f31\u6027\u5bfc\u81f4\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u5171\u8c0b\u7684\u5404\u65b9\u6709\u6fc0\u52b1\u4ee5\u6697\u5730\u8fdd\u53cd\u5171\u8c0b\u5408\u540c\u800c\u5f97\u5229\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5171\u8c0b\u5408\u540c\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u5236\u673a\u5236\u65e5\u81fb\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u975e\u6cd5\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u88ab\u63ed\u9732\u800c\u5f97\u5230\u5904\u7f5a\u7684\u51e0\u7387\u589e\u5927\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u5171\u8c0b\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u60c5\u5f62\u4e2d\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u90fd\u5927\u6253\u6298\u6263\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6beb\u65e0\u7ea6\u675f\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u6784\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u6709\u7740\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7279\u70b9\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u4e0e\u5382\u5546\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u884c\u653f\u96b6\u5c5e\u5173\u7cfb\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5236\u5ea6\u6240\u5f3a\u5316\u3002\u2466\u5f53\u4e0a\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u201c\u8981\u6c42\u201d\uff08\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff09\u4e0b\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u53c2\u4e0e\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u5982\u63d0\u4f9b\u6d6e\u5938\u6307\u6807\u3001\u63a9\u76d6\u5de5\u4f5c\u6f0f\u6d1e\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u62d2\u7edd\u7684\u3002\u540c\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u4e0b\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u5171\u8c0b\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u76d1\u7763\u65b9\u7684\u4e0a\u7ea7\u90e8\u95e8\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fde\u5e26\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u4e0b\u5c5e\u90e8\u95e8\u505a\u6cd5\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u7740\u53c2\u4e0e\u5171\u8c0b\u7684\u6fc0\u52b1\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u751f\u6daf\u5904\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e25\u5bc6\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u5e02\u573a\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u6d41\u52a8\u5347\u8fc1\u90fd\u53d7\u7740\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u201c\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\u6709\u7740\u5f88\u5927\u533a\u522b\u3002\u5728\u5382\u5546\u5171\u8c0b\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u201c\u9000\u51fa\u201d\u5171\u8c0b\u534f\u8bae\uff08\u6216\u8005\u6697\u5730\u8fdd\u80cc\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u7ec8\u6b62\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8eab\u5904\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u9000\u51fa\u201d\u5171\u8c0b\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u653f\u7b56\u6267\u884c\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u96be\u4ee5\u5206\u8fa8\uff0c\u6709\u7740\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u548c\u4ee3\u4ef7\u90fd\u5f88\u5c0f\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u96be\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u73b0\u884c\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u63aa\u65bd\u96be\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u89e3\u51b3\u5171\u8c0b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ee5\u5e72\u90e8\u201c\u8f6e\u6362\u201d\u5236\u5ea6\u4e3a\u4f8b\u3002\u5e72\u90e8\u8f6e\u6362\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\u662f\u524a\u5f31\u5b98\u5458\u957f\u671f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u90e8\u95e8\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u5171\u8c0b\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u4e86\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4eba\u5458\u6d41\u52a8\u96be\u4ee5\u8d85\u8d8a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u4e00\u5b98\u5458\u62d2\u7edd\u53c2\u4e0e\u5171\u8c0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u4e0d\u5408\u4f5c\u201d\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u540e\u679c\u96be\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u9000\u51fa\u201d\u800c\u9003\u907f\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u95f4\u5171\u8c0b\u73b0\u8c61\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u6709\u7740\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u673a\u5236(enforcement)\uff0c\u662f\u5efa\u7b51\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6743\u5a01\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6709\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u867d\u7136\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u5728\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u5229\u76ca\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u4e00\u6210\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u3002\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u653f\u7b56\u9886\u57df\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u52a8\u7684\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\u5404\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u6709\u7740\u53cc\u91cd\u8eab\u4efd\uff1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u4eba\u548c\u6210\u4e3a\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u9488\u5bf9\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u5229\u76ca\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u96be\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u5171\u540c\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u5f88\u96be\u7a81\u7834\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5708\u56f4\u3002\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u673a\u5236\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u7a33\u5b9a\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u91cd\u590d\u518d\u751f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6761\u4ef6\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u5bfc\u81f4\u5f71\u54cd\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u53ea\u662f\u4ece\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5206\u6790\u89d2\u5ea6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u6216\u6267\u884c\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u7d20\u8d28\u6216\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u548c\u91cd\u590d\u518d\u751f\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u662f\u73b0\u884c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0e\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5206\u79bb\u6240\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u653f\u5e9c\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u7279\u522b\u662f\u96c6\u6743\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u6fc0\u52b1\u673a\u5236\u5f3a\u5316\u6240\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u975e\u9884\u671f\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u8bf8\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\uff0c\u653f\u7b56\u4e00\u7edf\u6027\u4e0e\u6267\u884c\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u8fd9\u4e00\u6096\u8bba\u662f\u5173\u952e\u6240\u5728\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u673a\u5236\uff1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u51b3\u7b56\u4e0e\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5206\u79bb\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6210\u6b63\u6bd4\u3002\u7ec4\u7ec7\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u4e00\u7edf\u6027\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\uff1a\u5f53\u51b3\u7b56\u6743\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d44\u6e90\u5411\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0a\u5c42\u673a\u5173\u96c6\u4e2d\u65f6\uff0c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u548c\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u5c31\u66f4\u9700\u8981\u4f9d\u8d56\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u884c\u653f\u94fe\u6761\u548c\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u201c\u7075\u6d3b\u6267\u884c\u201d\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e4b\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e3a\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7ec4\u7ec7\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u3002\u2467\u7b80\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6240\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u65b9\u9762\u8fdb\u884c\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u53d8\u9769\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u5730\u514b\u670d\u8fd9\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u672c\u6587\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u6fc0\u52b1\u673a\u5236\u6216\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u90fd\u662f\u6709\u524d\u63d0\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6709\u7740\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u6709\u7740\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5185\u5728\u673a\u5236\u3002\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5145\u5206\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u673a\u5236\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u76f2\u76ee\u6a21\u4eff\u590d\u5236\u4e4b\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u9002\u5f97\u5176\u53cd\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6df1\u5165\u6539\u9769\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ec4\u7ec7\u73b0\u8c61\u8fdb\u884c\u6df1\u5165\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u6709\u529b\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u89e3\u91ca\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u672c\u6587\u5199\u4f5c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u6298\u6653\u53f6\u3001\u8d75\u6811\u51ef\u3001\u5f20\u9759\u3001\u738b\u6c34\u96c4\u3001\u827e\u4e91\u3001\u5468\u65b0\u7b49\u540c\u4ec1\u6279\u8bc4\u6307\u6559\u5e76\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u7279\u6b64\u611f\u8c22\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a<\/strong> <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u2460\u6587\u4e2d\u5217\u4e3e\u4e8b\u4f8b\u9664\u6ce8\u660e\u51fa\u5904\u5916\uff0c\u5747\u6765\u81ea\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u8bbf\u8c08\u548c\u7530\u91ce\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u2461\u201c\u5171\u6709\u5e38\u8bc6\u201d\u662f\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6307\u6709\u5173\u4fe1\u606f\u5728\u535a\u5f08\u5404\u65b9\u5145\u5206\u5171\u4eab\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u77e5\u9053\u4f60\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f60\u4e5f\u77e5\u9053\u6211\u77e5\u9053\u4f60\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4fe1\u606f\u201d\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u5faa\u73af\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u2462\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u79ef\u7d2f\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u53ef\u53c2\u89c1Blau,1963; Lipsky 1980; Pressman & Wildavsky,1984; Wilson,1989\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u2463\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u653f\u7b56\u65b9\u9488\u53ea\u662f\u7b3c\u7edf\u7684\u201c\u653f\u7b56\u7cbe\u795e\u201d\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u5177\u4f53\u6267\u884c\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u6cd5\u6267\u884c\u4e5f\u65e0\u9700\u6267\u884c\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u91c7\u53d6\u5171\u8c0b\u884c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u5e94\u5bf9\u4e4b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u5728\u672c\u6587\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u2464\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u201c\u4e13\u6b3e\u4e13\u7528\u201d\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u8425\u79c1\u821e\u5f0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8003\u8651\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u5408\u7406\u914d\u7f6e\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u2465\u90a3\u79cd\u8981\u6c42\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u968f\u65f6\u66f4\u6539\u884c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u5e94\u5bf9\u6765\u81ea\u5404\u65b9\u4e0a\u7ea7\u90e8\u95e8\u591a\u91cd\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u52a8\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u8bf1\u53d1\u201c\u98ce\u6d3e\u201d\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4fc3\u5c31\u201c\u4e07\u91d1\u6cb9\u201d\u5e72\u90e8\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u4f4e\u6548\u7387\u4e2d\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u6539\u9769\u7684\u521d\u8877\u76f8\u6096\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u2466\u8fd9\u91cc\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u5171\u8c0b\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u6709\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5982\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c01\u5efa\u9886\u5730\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u5916\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b\u800c\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5173\u6ce8\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08\u5982\u5382\u5546\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u672c\u6587\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u5171\u8c0b\u73b0\u8c61\u4e3b\u8981\u6307\u653f\u5e9c\u5185\u90e8\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u89e3\u91ca\u6240\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u7cfb\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u2467\u4e0a\u7ea7\u90e8\u95e8\u4e3a\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u6b6a\u66f2\u800c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u63aa\u65bd\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u9000\u8015\u8fd8\u6797\u8d44\u91d1\u76f4\u63a5\u6253\u5165\u519c\u6c11\u6237\u4e3b\u7684\u8d26\u53f7\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u9762\u4e34\u591a\u91cd\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u505a\u6cd5\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u5b9e\u65bd\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5e76\u4e0d\u5c3d\u529b\u6267\u884c\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\uff1a<\/strong> <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[1]\u827e\u4e91\uff0c2008\uff0c\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u7b56\u5728\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u300b\uff0c\u63d0\u4ea4\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u574a\u201d\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u5e7f\u5dde\uff1a\u4e2d\u5c71\u5927\u5b66\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[2]\u9648\u6842\u68e3\u3001\u6625\u6843\uff0c2004\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u519c\u6c11\u8c03\u67e5\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u6587\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[3]\u8d39\u5b5d\u901a\uff0c1998\uff0c\u300a\u4e61\u571f\u4e2d\u56fd \u751f\u80b2\u5236\u5ea6\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[4]\u9ad8\u738b\u51cc\uff0c2006\uff0c\u300a\u4eba\u6c11\u516c\u793e\u65f6\u671f\u4e2d\u56fd\u519c\u6c11\u201c\u53cd\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\u8c03\u67e5\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u5171\u515a\u53f2\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[5]\u5b59\u7acb\u5e73\u3001\u90ed\u4e8e\u534e\uff0c2000\uff0c\u300a\u201c\u8f6f\u786c\u517c\u65bd\u201d\uff1a\u6b63\u5f0f\u6743\u529b\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5206\u6790\u2014\u2014\u534e\u5317B\u9547\u6536\u7cae\u7684\u4e2a\u6848\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u6e05\u534e\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u7279\u8f91\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[6]\u5434\u6bc5\uff0c2007\uff0c\u300a\u5c0f\u9547\u55a7\u56a3\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e61\u9547\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u6f14\u7ece\u4e0e\u9610\u91ca\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[7]\u5e94\u661f\uff0c2001\uff0c\u300a\u5927\u6cb3\u79fb\u6c11\u4e0a\u8bbf\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[8]\u5f20\u9759\uff0c2000\uff0c\u300a\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u6743\u2014\u2014\u4e61\u6751\u5236\u5ea6\u8bf8\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u676d\u5dde\uff1a\u6d59\u6c5f\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[9]\u8d75\u6811\u51ef\uff0c2005\uff0c\u300a\u4e61\u9547\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u53d1\u5c55\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc32004\u5e74\u8c03\u67e5\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u9009\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[10]\u2014\u2014\uff0c2006a\uff0c\u300a\u4e61\u9547\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5e94\u916c\u751f\u6d3b\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u53d1\u5c55\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc32005\u5e74\u8c03\u67e5\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u9009\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[11]\u2014\u2014\uff0c2006b\uff0c\u300a\u4e61\u9547\u6539\u9769\uff1a\u653b\u575a\u4e4b\u96be\u300b\uff0c\u300a2006-2006\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5f62\u52bf\u84dd\u76ae\u4e66\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[12]\u5468\u98de\u821f\uff0c2006\uff0c\u300a\u4ece\u201c\u6c72\u53d6\u578b\u653f\u6743\u201d\u5230\u201c\u60ac\u6d6e\u578b\u653f\u6743\u201d\u2014\u2014\u7a0e\u8d39\u6539\u9769\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u519c\u6c11\u5173\u7cfb\u4e4b\u5f71\u54cd\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7b2c3\u671f\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[13]\u5468\u96ea\u5149\uff0c2003\uff0c\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5341\u8bb2\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[14]\u2014\u2014\uff0c2005\uff0c\u300a\u9006\u5411\u8f6f\u9884\u7b97\u7ea6\u675f\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u300b\u7b2c2\u671f\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[15]Baker,George,Robert Gibbans & Kevin Mmphy 2001,”Bringing the Market Inside the Firm?” American Economic Review XCI. <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[16]Blau,Peter M.1963,The Dynamics of Bureaucracy; A Study of Interpersonal Relations in Two Government Agencies.Chicago:University of Chicago Press. <\/p>\n

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\u3000\u3000[19]March,James G.1988,Decisions and Organizations.New York,N.Y.:Blackwell. <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[20]Meyer,John W.& Brian Rowan 1977,”Institutionalized Organizations:Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony.” American Journal of Sociology 83. <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[21]Michels,Robert 1968,Political Party.New York:Free Press. <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[22]Milgrom,Paul & John Robert 1992,Economics,Organization and Management.Englewood Cliffs,N.J.:Prentice Hall. <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[23]Pressman,Jeffrey L.& Aaron Wildavsky 1984,Implementation.Berkeley,CA:University of California Press. <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[24]Tirole,Jean 1986,”Hierarchies and Bureaucracies:On the Role of Collusion in Organizations.”Journal of Law,Economics,and Organization 2. <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[25]\u2014\u20141988,Tile Theory of Industrial Organization.Cambridge,Massachusetts:MIT Press. <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[26]\u2014\u20141992,”Collusion and the Theory of Organizations.” in Advances in Economic Theory:Proceedings of the Sixth World Congress of the Econometric Society,(ed.) by J.J.Laffont.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[27]Weber,Max 1946,From Max Weber:Essays in Sociology.Trans.by H.H.G.& C.W.Mills.New York:Oxford University Press. <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[28]Williamson,Oliver E.1985,The Economic Institutions of Capitalism.New York:Free Press. <\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000[29]Wilson,James Q.1989,Bureaucracy:What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It.New York:Basic Books. <\/p>\n

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